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<articles>
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<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id pub-id-type="pid">S0253-294820030002</journal-id>
<journal-title>Revista Costarricense de Ciencias Médicas</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title>Rev. costarric. cienc. méd</abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0253-2948</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name>Editorial Nacional de Salud y Seguridad Social</publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0253-29482003000200001</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es">El valor de la alimentación</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Abarca Aguiar</surname>
<given-names>Grace</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="A01">
<institution>,CCSS Dirección Técnica Servicios de Salud </institution>
<addr-line> </addr-line>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<month>07</month>
<year>2003</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<year>2003</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>24</volume>
<fpage>83</fpage>
<lpage>83</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0253-29482003000200001&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0253-29482003000200001&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0253-29482003000200001&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri></article-meta>
</front>
</article>
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id pub-id-type="pid">S0253-294820030002</journal-id>
<journal-title>Revista Costarricense de Ciencias Médicas</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title>Rev. costarric. cienc. méd</abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0253-2948</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name>Editorial Nacional de Salud y Seguridad Social</publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0253-29482003000200002</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es">Relación entre actividad de creatininquinasa y presencia de fosfatidilglicerol en líquido amniótico</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Granados-Zúñiga</surname>
<given-names>Jorge</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Ortiz-Antillón</surname>
<given-names>Ricardo</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="A01">
<institution>,CCSS Hospital San Juan de Dios Laboratorio Clínico</institution>
<addr-line>San José </addr-line>
<country>Costa Rica</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<month>07</month>
<year>2003</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<year>2003</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>24</volume>
<fpage>87</fpage>
<lpage>93</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0253-29482003000200002&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0253-29482003000200002&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0253-29482003000200002&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>El fosfatidilglicerol es un agente surfactante relacionado con la ventilación pulmonar. Para evaluar la madurez pulmonar fetal se determina la presencia de este fosfolípido en líquido amniótico pero se recomienda realizar pruebas de laboratorio complementarias.El objetivo de esta investigación fue determinar la relación entre fosfatidilglicerol y la actividad de creatinquinasa en líquido amniótico y su potencial utilidad como criterio diagnóstico de madurez pulmonar fetal. La presencia de fosfatidilglicerol se evaluó por cromatografía de capa fina y la actividad de creatinquinasa se determinó mediante un método enzimático. Las diferencias en actividades de creatinquinasa entre muestras con o sin fosfatidilglicerol se evaluaron mediante una prueba no paramétrica de Mann-Whitney (p&lt;0,05). Se encontró una diferencia significativa en los niveles de creatinquinasa en muestras con fosfatidilglicerol (promedio=7,7, desviación estándar=5,4, n=35) respecto a muestras sin fosfatidilglicerol (promedio=4,7, desviación estándar=2,4, n=46), pero existe traslape entre ambos grupos en un 33 a 46% de los casos. Se concluye que la prueba de actividad de creatinquinasa tiene un valor diagnóstico auxiliar para la determinación de madurez pulmonar fetal en alrededor de un 54 a 67 % de los casos.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>Phosphaditylglycerol is a surfactant agent related with pulmonary ventilation. In order to evaluate fetallung maturity it is tested that phospholipid in amniotic fluid but complementary laboratory tests are recommended. This research is intented to look for the relationship between phosphatidylglycerol and creatinkinase activity in amniotic fluid and. its potential usefulness as diagnostic for fetal lung maturity. Presence of phosphatidylglycerol was evaluated by thin layer chromatography and creatinkinase activity by a ezymatic method. Differences in creatinkinase activities between samples with or without phosphatidylglycerol were evaluated by nonparametric Mann-Whitney test (p&lt;0.05). A statistically significant difference in creatinkinase activities between samples with (mean=7.7 UI/L, SD=5.4, n=35) or without (mean=4.7 UI/L, SD=2.4, n=46) phosphatidylglycerol was founded, but there is transposition between the two groups creatinkinase activities in 33 to 46% of cases. In conclusion, creatinkinase activity assay has an auxiliar diagnostic value for lung maturityonly in 54 to 67 % of cases.</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>Creatinquinasa</kwd>
<kwd>fosfatidilglicerol</kwd>
<kwd>madurez pulmonar fetal</kwd>
<kwd>creatinkinase</kwd>
<kwd>phosphatidylglicerol</kwd>
<kwd>fetallung maturity</kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front>
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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id pub-id-type="pid">S0253-294820030002</journal-id>
<journal-title>Revista Costarricense de Ciencias Médicas</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title>Rev. costarric. cienc. méd</abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0253-2948</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name>Editorial Nacional de Salud y Seguridad Social</publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0253-29482003000200003</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es">Obesidad y sobrepeso en la población estudiantil costarricense entre los 8 y 17 años</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Fernández-Ramírez</surname>
<given-names>Aileen</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Moncada-Jiménez</surname>
<given-names>José</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A02"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="A01">
<institution>,Universidad de Costa Rica Escuela de Medicina Laboratorio de Rendimiento Físico y Salud</institution>
<addr-line> </addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="A02">
<institution>,Universidad de Costa Rica Escuela de Educación Física y Deportes </institution>
<addr-line> </addr-line>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<month>07</month>
<year>2003</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<year>2003</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>24</volume>
<fpage>95</fpage>
<lpage>113</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0253-29482003000200003&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0253-29482003000200003&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0253-29482003000200003&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>La obesidad durante la niñez y la adolescencia está aumentando en todo el mundo. Esta condición está asociada con diversos factores de riesgo para enfermedades crónicas. Sin embargo, la prevalencia de sobrepeso y obesidad en esta población ha sido difícil de cuantificar debido a que existe una gran variedad de definiciones. El propósito de este estudio fue determinar la prevalencia de sobre peso y obesidad de la población estudiantil costarricense entre los 8 y 17 años. Se seleccionó en forma aleatoria una muestra representativa de 9 900 estudiantes de escuelas y colegios costarricenses. Para definir sobrepeso y obesidad se utilizaron los puntos de corte del índice de masa corporal (IMC) recomendados por laOrganización Mundial de la Salud y la &quot;International Obesity Task Force&quot;. También se utilizó el pliegue del tríceps como criterio para estimar la adiposidad. Se encontró que las mujeres presentaron mayor IMC y adiposidad que los hombres en todas las edades analizadas. Estos aumentaron con la edad, especialmente en las mujeres a partir de los 12 años. La prevalencia total para hombres y mujeres en los diferentes grupos de edad fueron: 14,9 a 23,3% (Sobrepeso 8 -11 años), 4,8 a 9,9%. (Obesidad 8 -11 años), 14,9 a 21,6% (Sobrepeso 12-17 años) y 2,2 a 9,8% (Obesidad 12-17 años). Estos porcentajes fueron mayores en las mujeres que en los hombres al calcularlos con base en los criterios internacionales. La prevalencia de obesidad fue más elevada cuando se utilizó el pliegue del tríceps para estimarla. En conclusión, la prevalencia de sobrepeso de estudiantes costarricenses oscila de un 15 a un 23% y de obesidad de un 2,2 a un 9,8%.Esta varía dependiendo de la edad, el sexo y del criterio utilizado para definirla.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>Child and adolescent obesity is increasing worldwide. It has been shown that this condition is closely related to several risk factors for chronic diseases. However, the prevalence of overweight and obesity in these populations has been difficult to quantify due to the wide variety of definitions used. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of overweight and obesity in Costa Rican students aged 8-17 years. A national-representative sample of 9990 subjects was randomly selected from Costa Rican elementary and high-school institutions. In order to define overweight and obesity, the sex-and age specific body mass index (BMI) cutoffs recommended by the World Heath Organization (WHO) and by the International Obesity TaskForce (IOTF) were selected. The triceps skinfold thickness was also used as a criteria for adiposity. Females had higher IMC and adiposity than boys at all ages, and both parameters increased with age, especially in female students starting at 12 years of age. The global prevalence rates for males and females in the different age groups were 14.9 to 23.3% (overweight 8 -11 yrs.), 4.8 to 9.9%. (Obese 8-11 yrs.), 14.9 to 21.6% (Overweight 12-17 yrs.), 2.2 to 9.8% (Obese 12-17 yrs.). These rates tended to be higher in girls than in boys and also were higher when the IOTF cutoffs were used in comparison with the WHO criteria. The highest prevalence rate for obesity in this Costa Rican sample was achieved when the 90th percentile of the triceps skinfold thickness was used as the criteria. In summary, the prevalence of overweight in Costa Rican students was between 15 to 23% and the prevalence of obesity between 2.2 to 9.8%. These rates change according to age, sex, and when different criteria to define overweight and obesity are used.</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>sobrepeso</kwd>
<kwd>obesidad</kwd>
<kwd>prevalencia</kwd>
<kwd>niños</kwd>
<kwd>adolescentes</kwd>
<kwd>overweight</kwd>
<kwd>obesity</kwd>
<kwd>prevalence</kwd>
<kwd>children</kwd>
<kwd>adolescents</kwd>
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<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id pub-id-type="pid">S0253-294820030002</journal-id>
<journal-title>Revista Costarricense de Ciencias Médicas</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title>Rev. costarric. cienc. méd</abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0253-2948</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name>Editorial Nacional de Salud y Seguridad Social</publisher-name>
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<article-meta>
<article-id>S0253-29482003000200004</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es">Identificación de peligros en el manejo de sustancias químicas en hospitales de la Caja Costarricense de Seguro Social</article-title>
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<given-names>Rigoberto</given-names>
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<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A02"/>
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<aff id="A01">
<institution>,Caja Costarricense de Seguro Social Departamento de Saneamiento Básico y Ambiental Institucional </institution>
<addr-line>San José </addr-line>
<country>Costa Rica</country>
</aff>
<aff id="A02">
<institution>,Caja Costarricense de Seguro Social Departamento de Saneamiento Básico y Ambiental Institucional </institution>
<addr-line>San José </addr-line>
<country>Costa Rica</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<month>07</month>
<year>2003</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<year>2003</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>24</volume>
<fpage>115</fpage>
<lpage>125</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0253-29482003000200004&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0253-29482003000200004&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0253-29482003000200004&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Se realizó un estudio sobre los factores operativos asociados al manejo de las sustancias químicas de uso hospitalario. La investigación se desarrolló a partir de un modelo para el análisis de riesgos. Tal metodología se aplicó a una muestra de hospitales de la Caja Costarricense de Seguro Social de los tres niveles de complejidad, con el fin de identificar los peligros asociados al manejo de sustancias hospitalarias peligrosas, considerando el peligro como uno de los factores del riesgo, junto con la exposición. El estudio permitió identificar las sustancias químicas de mayor uso en los hospitales evaluados, las zonas de riesgo, la población más afectada y el apego a procedimientos de operación estándar. Los resultados obtenidos muestran un amplio uso de xileno en servicios de Anatomía Patológica, siendo éste una de las principales zonas de riesgo, junto con almacenes, bodegas y laboratorios de análisis. Entre la población en riesgo se determinó que los funcionarios de aseo y mantenimiento constituyen el grupo más afectado, situación que es agravada por la ausencia de procedimientos institucionales.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>Safe management of hazardous chemical substances used in hospitals, was evaluated. The study was developed using a risk assessment approach, applied to a sample of hospitals of Caja Costarricense de Seguro Social, in its three levels of complexity: national, regional and periferical hospitals. The aim was to determine deficiencies in hazardous chemicals management, including possible hazards, exposition and toxicity of commonly used substances in Costa Rican health care facilities. The study revealed the amounts of chemicals consumed, risk areas, and risk population in the hospitals included in the sample. Results indicate a major use of xylene in Pathology services, being these units risk areas, as well as laboratories, and storage zones. Risk population .includes employees in charge of cleaning operations and maintenance of the facilities; this situation gets worse because of the absence of institutional procedures for' hazardous chemicals management.</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>Riesgo</kwd>
<kwd>peligro</kwd>
<kwd>exposición</kwd>
<kwd>complejidad hospitalaria</kwd>
<kwd>sustancia química peligrosa</kwd>
<kwd>población más afectada</kwd>
<kwd>Risk</kwd>
<kwd>hazard</kwd>
<kwd>exposition</kwd>
<kwd>hospital complexity</kwd>
<kwd>hazardous chemical</kwd>
<kwd>risk population</kwd>
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<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0253-29482003000200005&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0253-29482003000200005&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0253-29482003000200005&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>El problema de la parasitosis infantil continua presentándose en comunidades como la estudiada, a pesar de que durante los últimos años se ha dado el mejoramiento de factores de protección contra tal problemática, como el uso de calzado, suministro de agua potable y letrinización. En el presente estudio se analizaron 320 muestras de heces de niños en edad escolar utilizando, examen directo con solución salina y lugol y además, la técnica de Kato, con el fin de determinar el grado de parasitismo intestinal que existe en la población escolar de Tirrases. Se obtuvo un 45% de muestras positivas, del cual un 28,1% corresponde a verdaderos patógenos y el restante 16,9% a organismos comensales. El helminto más frecuente fue Trichuris trichiura, (12,2%), seguido de Ascaris lumbricoides (6,9%), el protozoario patógeno más frecuente fue Giardia duodenalis, con un 7,8% de prevalencia. Los niños con algún patógeno intestinal fueron referidos al centro médico de esa localidad para que les administraran las drogas antiparasitarias pertinentes. El problema de la parasitosis intestinal prosigue a pesar de que en el nivel nacional se ha insistido en la necesidad del lavado de manos, frutas y hortalizas para evitar la transmisión de agentes patógenos.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>The problem of children's parasitism continues in communities such as the one under study, despite protection factors to fight such disease have been improved in the last years. Such factors include the use of shoes, drinking water supply, and use of latrines.In the present survey, three hundred and twenty samples of feces of school age children were analyzed. A direct test with saline solution and lugol as well as the Kato's technique was used in order to determine the degree of intestinal parasitism prevalent in the school age population of Tirrases. There were 45% of positive samples, 28,1% are true pathogens and the remaining 16,9% are commensal organisms. The most frequent helminth was Trichuris trichiura, (12,2%), followed by Ascaris lumbricoides (6,9%). The most frequent pathogen protozoan was Giardia duodenalis, with 7,8% prevalence. Children who had intestinal pathogens of any kind were referred to the local clinic, to be prescribed with the appropriate antiparasitic drugs.Even though, at a nationallevel, it has repeatedly been stressed the necessity of washing hands, vegetables, and fruit to prevent transmission of pathogen agents, the problem of intestinal parasitism still exists.</p></abstract>
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<kwd>Parasitosis</kwd>
<kwd>parásitos intestinales</kwd>
<kwd>parasitosis infantil</kwd>
<kwd>escolares</kwd>
<kwd>Parasitosis</kwd>
<kwd>intestinal parasites</kwd>
<kwd>children's parasitosis</kwd>
<kwd>school age children</kwd>
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</article-meta>
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<journal-id pub-id-type="pid">S0253-294820030002</journal-id>
<journal-title>Revista Costarricense de Ciencias Médicas</journal-title>
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<article-title xml:lang="es">Faringitis exudativa causada por arcanobacterium haemolyticum: informe del primer caso en Costa Rica</article-title>
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<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0253-29482003000200006&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0253-29482003000200006&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0253-29482003000200006&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Se describe el caso de un paciente masculino de 24 años con una faringitis exudativa a partir de la cual se aisló Arcanobacterium haemolyticum, un bacilo Gram positivo corineforme aerobio, mediante el cultivo de una muestra de esputo. Esta bacteria no había sido reportada anteriormente en nuestro país, aunque en Europa y Estados Unidos se le ha asociado con cuadros de faringitis con manifestaciones exantemáticas y con diversos tipos de infecciones sistémicas, las cuales usualmente se presentan en adolescentes o adultos jóvenes inmunocompetentes. El aislamiento creció adecuadamente en los medios de cultivo convencionales y presentó un nivel de susceptibilidad elevado a diversos antibióticos beta-Iactámicos, eritromicina y vancomicina.</p></abstract>
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<institution>,Universidad de Costa Rica Hospital Nacional de Niños Centro de Investigación e Estructuras Microscópicas (CIEMIC)</institution>
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<addr-line>San José </addr-line>
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<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0253-29482003000200007&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0253-29482003000200007&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0253-29482003000200007&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Los miembros del género Helicobacter, descrito en 1989, colonizan el estómago e intestino de humanos y algunas especies animales. El número de especies en este género se ha expandido desde 1983, cuando se describió H. pylori, la especie tipo; actualmente el género incluye más de 20 especies. En humanos, descrita en 1983, es reconocida como la principal causa de gastritis crónica, úlceras gástricas y duodenales y algunos tipos de cáncer gástrico. También, algunas especies relacionadas se han asociado ocasionalmente con septicemias en pacientes con SIDA. Helicobacter spp. son bacilos Gram negativos, catalasa, oxidasa y ureasa positivos, miden de 2,5 a 3,5 mm de largo por 0,5 a 1 mm de diámetro, son microaerofílicos, curvados o espirilares con uno a varios flagelos envainados polares, localizados en uno de los extremos de la bacteria y al menos tres especies tienen fibras periplásmicas. Los estudios epidemiológicos revelan que la infección con H. pylori es más común en países en desarrollo que en los desarrollados, debido a muchos factores del ambiente como hacinamiento, disponibilidad de agua potable, nivel económico, contaminación fecal y otros factores del hospedero y del agente como la edad y el tipo de cepa, respectivamente. Aunque este agente es sensible a muchos antimicrobianos in vitro, es difícil de erradicar del estómago, debido a su nicho ácido y su localización extracelular, pues reside en la capa de muco del estómago y desarrolla resistencia a los antibióticos que usualmente se utilizan en su tratamiento, especialmente el metronidazol. Las monoterapias o las terapias duales muestran niveles inaceptablemente bajos de curación; por esta razón, se han propuesto varios esquemas triples o cuádruples de terapia; los primeros utilizan uno o dos antibióticos (metronidazol, amoxicilina, claritromicina, tetraciclina), una droga supresora de la secreción ácida y compuestos de bismuto (Pepto Sismol o citrato de bismuto). Las terapias cuádruples incorporan adicional mente un inhibidor de la bomba protónica. Comúnmente, la tasa de erradicación de los diferentes esquemas oscila entre un 70 y un 90%. El alto costo del tratamiento, especialmente de los esquemas cuádruples, su baja tolerabilidad, su abandono y la emergencia de cepas de H. pylori resistentes a los antibióticos, son responsables de la falla en un 10 a 30% de los casos. Estos hechos inducen a buscar nuevas terapias y la ethnomedicina representa un vasto campo milenario de conocimiento, en el cual la búsqueda de extractos de plantas con acciones antibacterianas ha ganado nuevo ímpetu.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>The members of the genus Helicobacter, described in 1989, colonize the stomachs and intestines of humans and several animal species. The number of species in this genus has expanded since 1983, when was described H. pylori, the type species, actually the genus includes more than 20 species. In humans H. pylori is recognized as the primary cause of chronic gastritis, gastric and duodenal ulcers, and some types of gastric cancer. Also, some species or Helicobacter-like organisms are occasional causes of septicemia in AIDS patients. Helicobacter spp. are Gram negative, catalasa, oxidase and urease positive, is 2,5 to 3,5 mm long and 0,5 to 1 mm diameter, microaerophilic, spiral to curved rods with one to several polar sheathed flagella localized at one end of the rod; at least three species showed periplasmic fibers. Epidemiological studies reveled that the prevalence of H. pylori infection is more common in developing than developed countries due to many factors associated with the environment, such as residential crowding, economical background, fecal contamination, availability of potable water, and other factors of the host and the agent, for example, the age of the patients and the H. pylori strain type, respectively. Although this agent is sensitive to many antimicrobial drugs in vitro, it is difficult to eradicate from the stomach, due to its acid niche; its extracellular localization because resides in the mucous layer over the gastric epithelium, and it develop resistance to the more common antibiotics used for its treatment, specially metronidazole. Single or dual therapies have unacceptably low cure rates; for that reason, there are proposed some triple of quadruple therapies, the formers include one or two antibiotics (metromidazole, amoxicillin, claritromycin, tetracycline), acid secretingsuppressor drugs, and bismuth compounds (Pepto Bismol or bismuth citrate). The quadruple therapies additionally incorporate a proton pump inhibitor. Commonly, the eradication rate of the different treatment protocols oscillate from 70 to 90%. The high cost of the treatment, specially the quadruple therapy, with poor tolerability and reducedcompliance in some patients, and the emergence of H. pylori strains resistance to antibiotics, are responsible of the low rate of cure reported, that failure in 10 to 30% of the cases. These facts induce to look for novel therapies, and the ethnomedicine has a millenary vast field of knowledge, and search for antibacterials plants extracts has gained renewed impetus.</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>Helicobacter pylori</kwd>
<kwd>gastritis</kwd>
<kwd>úlceras pépticas</kwd>
<kwd>tratamiento</kwd>
<kwd>plantas medicinales</kwd>
<kwd>Helicobacter pylori</kwd>
<kwd>gastritis</kwd>
<kwd>peptic ulcers</kwd>
<kwd>therapy</kwd>
<kwd>medicinal plants</kwd>
</kwd-group>
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