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<articles>
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<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id pub-id-type="pid">S0253-294820040001</journal-id>
<journal-title>Revista Costarricense de Ciencias Médicas</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title>Rev. costarric. cienc. méd</abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0253-2948</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name>Editorial Nacional de Salud y Seguridad Social</publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0253-29482004000100001</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es">EDITORIAL</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Salas Oviedo</surname>
<given-names>José Luis</given-names>
</name>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="A">
<institution>,  </institution>
<addr-line> </addr-line>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<month>01</month>
<year>2004</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<year>2004</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>25</volume>
<fpage>11</fpage>
<lpage>11</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0253-29482004000100001&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0253-29482004000100001&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0253-29482004000100001&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri></article-meta>
</front>
</article>
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id pub-id-type="pid">S0253-294820040001</journal-id>
<journal-title>Revista Costarricense de Ciencias Médicas</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title>Rev. costarric. cienc. méd</abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0253-2948</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name>Editorial Nacional de Salud y Seguridad Social</publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0253-29482004000100002</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es">Brote de Diarrea Asociado a Shigella Sonnei debido a Contaminación Hídrica, San José, Costa Rica, 2001</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Barrantes</surname>
<given-names>Kenia</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Pardo</surname>
<given-names>Vekoh</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A02"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Achí</surname>
<given-names>Rosario</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="A01">
<institution>,Universidad de Costa Rica Instituto de Investigaciones en Salud (INISA) </institution>
<addr-line> </addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="A02">
<institution>,Caja Costarricense del Seguro Social (CCSS) Clínica de Alajuelita Laboratorio Clínico</institution>
<addr-line> </addr-line>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<month>01</month>
<year>2004</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<year>2004</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>25</volume>
<fpage>15</fpage>
<lpage>24</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0253-29482004000100002&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0253-29482004000100002&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0253-29482004000100002&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>En julio del 2001, un brote de diarrea asociado a transmisión hídrica afectó a más de 7000 personas residentes en el área urbana de San José. Desde su inicio se especuló sobre el papel de Shigella spp., como uno de los posibles agentes etiológicos del mismo, por lo que el objetivo de este estudio fue determinar la presencia de esta bacteria en los casos de diarrea atendidos en una de las clínicas ubicadas en el área del brote y demostrar que Shigella spp. es un agente importante de diarrea en nuestro país asociado a la transmisión hídrica, particularmente por la baja dosis infectante y alta virulencia. Para este fin, se analizaron especimenes fecales de 49 pacientes con diarrea que acudieron a la clínica de Alajuelita, del 17 al 31 de julio del 2001. Se obtuvo 16 aislamientos de Shigella spp (34,7%), 15 correspondieron a Shigella sonnei en tanto que solamente uno a Shigella flexneri. Los grupos etáreos más afectados fueron niños menores de 10 años y personas mayores de 60 años. El patrón de sensibilidad a los antibióticos de las cepas aisladas mostró resistencia a 8 de los 11 antibióticos probados: trimetoprim/sulfametoxazole, tetraciclina, ampicilina, eritromicina, cloranfenicol, cefalotina, amikacina y amoxicilina; y sensibilidad a norfloxacina, ciprofloxacina y gentamicina. No fue posible aislar Shigella spp. de las muestras de agua. Los resultados sugieren que este medio de transmisión estuvo relacionado con el brote de diarrea. El presente estudio demuestra la importancia de Shigella spp. como causa de diarrea sobre todo en niños pequeños, adultos mayores y su frecuente asociación a brotes relacionados con agua contaminada. Los resultados también sugieren que el tratamiento contra la shigelosis debería incluir información acerca de los perfiles de resistencia a los antibióticos y de la necesidad de más investigación sobre vías de transmisión por agua y alimentos en la prevención de este tipo de brotes</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>During July of 2001, a diarrheal outbreak affected more than 7000 individuals in the urban area of San José. Even though the origen of the outbreak was not found, faecal pollution of the drinking water from the metropolitan aqueduct it is suspected. The objetive of the study was to determinate the presence of Shigella spp., as a possible aetiological agent of the outbreak. Samples were collected during two weeks (july 17th to 31st). Sixteen Shigella isolates were obtained out of 49 patients with diarrhoea (34,7%), 15 of the isolates were Shigella sonnei and 1 corresponded to Shigella flexneri. The most affected age groups were children under 10 and people older than 60. The antibiotic susceptibility pattern of the Shigella isolates showed that they were resistant to eigth of the antibiotics: trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole, tetracycline, ampicillin, eritromicine, chloramphenicol, cephalotin, amikacine and amoxicillin. They were sensitive to norfloxacin, ciprofloxacin and gentamicin. Althought it was not possible to isolate Shigella directly from water, the results highly suggest this pathogen to be the aetiological agent of the outbreak. This study demonstrates the import role of Shigella spp. as cause of diarrhea affecting mainly small children and elderly people and its frequent association to outbreaks related to drinking water. This study also suggests that guidelines for treatment of shigellosis should include information on the antibiotic resistance pattern and further studies regarding the routes of transmission by water and food, will be required for strategies of prevention of such outbreaks</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>Shigella sonnei</kwd>
<kwd>diarrea</kwd>
<kwd>brote</kwd>
<kwd>Shigella sonnei</kwd>
<kwd>diarrhea</kwd>
<kwd>outbreak</kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front>
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<journal-title>Revista Costarricense de Ciencias Médicas</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title>Rev. costarric. cienc. méd</abbrev-journal-title>
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<institution>,Caja Costarricense de Segurio Social Hospital de las Mujeres Dr. Adolfo Carit Eva Laboratorio Clínico</institution>
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<aff id="A02">
<institution>,Caja Costarricense de Segurio Social Hospital de las Mujeres Dr. Adolfo Carit Eva </institution>
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<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<month>01</month>
<year>2004</year>
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<pub-date pub-type="epub">
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<lpage>32</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
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<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0253-29482004000100003&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0253-29482004000100003&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0253-29482004000100003&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>A partir del año 1970, Streptococcus agalactiae (SGB), se sumó a la lista de gérmenes importantes por su capacidad para producir sepsis neonatal, infecciones en gestantes y en adultos inmunocomprometidos. En nuestro medio no existen datos sobre su incidencia; su detección en mujeres embarazadas antes del parto es fundamental para prevenir la transmisión vertical al neonato. Esta investigación tiene como objetivos: calcular las tasas de colonización en diferentes sitios anatómicos en gestantes y neonatos y concientizar a médicos y microbiólogos de su aislamiento e importancia clínica. Del 16 de junio 2002 al 15 de marzo 2004, en el Hospital de las Mujeres, se analizaron 2952 urocultivos, 667 hemocultivos, 383 cultivos vaginales en distintas edades gestacionales, 53 cultivos de heridas quirúrgicas y 7 cultivos de líquido amniótico. Se utilizaron medios convencionales para el aislamiento de bacterias aerobias y anaerobias facultativas, la identificación y antibiograma se llevó a cabo por método automatizado Microscan®. Se aisló EGB en 43 ocasiones, el 95,3% (41 casos) en Obstetricia y 4,7% en Neonatología. Un 5,4% (22 casos) en tracto urinario, 3,7% (14 casos) en tracto vaginal, 5,7% (3 casos) en piel y tejidos blandos, 28,5% (2 casos) en líquido amniótico y 0,3% (2 casos) en sangre (1,7 neonatos/10,000 nacidos vivos). La incidencia baja en cultivos vaginales se debió a la no utilización de medios de cultivo adicionales que detectan el microorganismo en pequeñas cantidades, los cultivos de tamizaje no se efectuaron a las 35-37 semanas de gestación, ni se tomaron sin espéculo de la entrada de la vagina y/o zona ano-rectal. La incidencia en urocultivos aumentaría si se reporta EGB en cantidades &gt; 10,000 UFC/ml en Agar Sangre, su presencia en orina implica alta colonización vaginal. La tasa de infección neonatal implicó la presencia de cepas poco virulentas</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>Since 1970, Streptococcus agalactiae or Group B Streptococcus (EGB), was added to the list of important germs due to its capacity to produce neonatal sepsis, infections in pregnants and inmunocompromised adults. In our environment do not exist data about their incidence. Its detection in pregnant women before the delivery is fundamental in order to prevent the vertical transmission to the newborns. This investigation has as objectives: estimate the rates of colonization in newborn and pregnants in different anatomical sites, and also urge Doctors and Microbiologists to take consciousness of its isolation and clinical importance. Since June 16th 2002 until March 15th 2004, in the Hospital de Las Mujeres, 2952 urine cultures, 667 blood cultures, 383 vaginal cultures in different gestacional ages, 53 cultures of surgical wounds and 7 cultures of amniotic fluid were analyzed. Conventional methods for the isolation of facultative aerobic and anaerobic bacteria were used; the identification and antimicrobial susceptibility test were carried out by Microscan automatized method. EGB was isolated in 43 occasions, 95.3% (41 cases) in Obstetrics and 4.7% in Neonatology, 5.4% (22 cases) in urinary tract, 3.7% (14 cases) in vaginal tract, 5.7% (3 cases) in skin and soft tissues, 28.5% (2 cases) in amniotic fluid, and 0.3% (2 cases) in blood (1.7 newborns/10.000 live births). The low incidence in vaginal cultures was due to the non use of additional culture media that can detect the microorganism in small amounts. The screening cultures were not taking on to 35-37 weeks of gestation; neither was it taken without especulum from the entrance from the vagina and/or anorectum zone. The incidence in urine tract would increase if EGB were reported &gt; 10.000 UFC/ml in blood media. This is important because its presence in urine implies high density of vaginal tract colonization. The so low incidence of neonatal infection implied the presence of few virulent germs</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>Streptococcus agalactiae</kwd>
<kwd>Streptococcus grupo B</kwd>
<kwd>infecciones perinatales</kwd>
<kwd>sepsis neonatal</kwd>
<kwd>Streptococcus agalactiae</kwd>
<kwd>Group B Streptococcus</kwd>
<kwd>perinatal infection</kwd>
<kwd>neonatal sepsis</kwd>
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<front>
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<journal-title>Revista Costarricense de Ciencias Médicas</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title>Rev. costarric. cienc. méd</abbrev-journal-title>
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<article-id>S0253-29482004000100004</article-id>
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<institution>,Universidad de Costa Rica Facultad de Microbiología </institution>
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<copyright-statement/>
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<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0253-29482004000100004&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0253-29482004000100004&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0253-29482004000100004&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Se describe el caso de una dermatitis asociada a ácaros macronísidos en una paciente femenina de Tuetal Norte (Provincia de Alajuela), Costa Rica. El cuadro clínico mostró un brote generalizado con prurito constante. Los demás miembros del grupo familiar presentaron manifestaciones similares. La paciente comentó que &quot;diminutos animales&quot; caminaban por su cuerpo y por las paredes de la casa. Una muestra de estos organismos fue aclarada y montada entre porta y cubreobjetos para su examen microscópico, la cual mostró la presencia de ácaros macronísidos. El tratamiento fue realizado con jabón de Tetmosol®, Eurax® en loción y Atarax®. Diez días luego de iniciado el tratamiento se documentó la cura del cuadro</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>A case of dermatitis associated to macronyssid mites in a female patient from Tuetal Norte, an rural town in the province of Alajuela, Costa Rica is described. The patient showed an intense and generalized rash with constant pruritus, and the other family members presented similar manifestations. The patient described &quot;small animals&quot; walking over her body and on the house walls. A sample of these organisms was cleared and mounted for microscopic examination. The analysis of the preparations revealed mites belonging to the family Macronyssidae. Treatment was performed with Tetmosol® soap, Eurax® lotion and Atarax®. The application of an acaricid solution in the house was recommended. The patient was cured 10 days after the beginning of treatment</p></abstract>
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<kwd>Ornithonyssus</kwd>
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<kwd>ectoparásitos</kwd>
<kwd>Macronyssidae</kwd>
<kwd>Ornithonyssus</kwd>
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<kwd-group>
<kwd>Cysticercus cellulosae</kwd>
<kwd>Neurocisticercosis</kwd>
<kwd>Taenia solium</kwd>
<kwd>Albendazole</kwd>
<kwd>Neuritis óptica</kwd>
<kwd>Cysticercus cellulosae</kwd>
<kwd>Neurocysticercosis</kwd>
<kwd>Taenia solium</kwd>
<kwd>Albendazole</kwd>
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<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0253-29482004000100006&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0253-29482004000100006&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0253-29482004000100006&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Hematuria es la presencia de eritrocitos en la orina, ésta será definida según el método utilizado. La hematuria microscópica aislada benigna es la más frecuente de todas, tiene una prevalencia de 0,5 a 4 % en niños de edad escolar, con una incidencia en niñas mayores de 6 años de 340/100000 y en niños de 120/100000. En el diagnóstico es fundamental confirmar la hematuria en tres muestras de orina consecutivas y descartar los falsos diagnósticos. Se puede clasificar en microscópica o macroscópica y en función de la clínica que presente el paciente, en hematuria aislada o asociada. También es muy importante para el pronóstico del paciente lograr determinar si la hematuria es de origen glomerular o no glomerular. La primera presenta un 80% de glóbulos rojos dismórficos, orina color café y proteinuria mayor a 2 (+), que generalmente se refiere a patología intrínseca del riñón como glomerulonefritis proliferativa y de tipo no proliferativa. Por otro lado, la hematuria no glomerular se presenta con una orina en donde más del 80% de los glóbulos rojos son eumórficos, orina con coágulos, rutilante y generalmente con proteinuria menor a 2 (+), sugiriendo más causas de origen obstructivo o patología urológica del sistema urinario inferior. Para el diagnóstico de la hematuria una buena historia clínica y el examen físico son suficientes en la mayoría de los casos. En conclusión, la hematuria en niños con mayor frecuencia se trata de hematuria aislada benigna que no requiere mayor evaluación diagnóstica, por lo que, los exámenes más avanzados serán realizados según hallazgos clínicos y sospecha diagnóstica</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Hematuria is when there are red cells in urine and it will be defined by the laboratory test that we use. Mild isolated microscopic hematuria is the most frequently diagnosed. Its prevalence is around 0,5 to 4 % in all age school children. The incidence in children of 6 year and older is by sex girl 340/10.0000 and boys 120/10.0000. Diagnosis is made by confirmation of hematuria by 3 consecutive sediments. Classification of hematuria is made as microscopic or macroscopic and isolated or related hematuria when it has clinical symptoms. In other side we most to defined if there is a glomerular hematuria, it has 80% of red cells dimorphic, with brown urine and proteinuria more than 2 (+). It refers an intrinsic kidney disease like a proliferative or no proliferative glomerulonephritis. Or no glomerular hematuria , in this case the 80% of red cells are eumorphic, the urine is red and generally it has proteinuria less than 2 (+), we might think in a urological pathology . In conclusion the most frequent hematuria in childhood is isolated microscopic hematuria and it doesn’t need any specific test just and sediment, complete clinical story</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>Hematuria</kwd>
<kwd>clasificación</kwd>
<kwd>evaluación</kwd>
<kwd>diagnóstico</kwd>
<kwd>Hematuria</kwd>
<kwd>classification</kwd>
<kwd>evaluation</kwd>
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<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id pub-id-type="pid">S0253-294820040001</journal-id>
<journal-title>Revista Costarricense de Ciencias Médicas</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title>Rev. costarric. cienc. méd</abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0253-2948</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name>Editorial Nacional de Salud y Seguridad Social</publisher-name>
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<article-meta>
<article-id>S0253-29482004000100007</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es">Morbimortalidad Maternofetal en Embarazos de Mujeres Mayores de 35 Años</article-title>
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<institution>,Caja Csotarricense de Seguro Social  </institution>
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<country>Costa Rica</country>
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<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<month>01</month>
<year>2004</year>
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<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<year>2004</year>
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<volume>25</volume>
<fpage>59</fpage>
<lpage>66</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0253-29482004000100007&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0253-29482004000100007&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0253-29482004000100007&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>El embarazo en mujeres mayores de 35 años es de especial interés debido al aumento de complicaciones tanto maternas como fetales. En la actualidad es frecuente el retraso en la maternidad, por lo que es importante estudiar el impacto de los principales factores asociados a este grupo. El presente estudio es de tipo retrospectivo observacional analizando un total de 376 embarazadas de 35 y más años ingresados al Servicio de Maternidad del Hospital Maximiliano Peralta, entre el 1 ° de julio del 2001 y el 30 de junio del 2002. Para tal propósito se obtuvo la información del Expediente Clínico mediante una Hoja de Recolección de Datos y se analizaron las variables más importantes comparándolas con las incidencias generales en la población. El 56,1% de las pacientes tenían edades comprendidas entre los 36 y 40 años. El 88,2% tenían al menos 2 labores de parto previas. Aproximadamente el 84% de las embarazadas tuvieron embarazos a término y un 46,8% presentaron complicaciones, de las cuales las más frecuentes fueron RPM (7,9%), HIE (7,7%), HTA-HIE (5%) y SFA (3,2%). Las cesáreas representaron el 28% de los partos siendo la indicación más frecuente cesárea anterior (7,2%). Las complicaciones más importantes del parto fueron la hemorragia (12,2%) y los desgarros (11,4%). (De donde?) Se presentaron 8 óbitos durante el estudio. De lo anterior se deduce que el embarazo en mujeres añosas se asocia a mayores riesgos maternos que fetales</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>Pregnancy in women 35 years and older is of special interest due to the increased maternal and fetal complications. Because of this and the rising incidence of delayed pregnancies, it’s considered important to study the impact of the principal risk factors associated to this group. The present study is observational and retrospective. We analyzed 376 women of 35 years and older who were admitted to the Obstetrics Service in the Max Peralta Hospital in the period between July 2001 and June 2002. For this purpose information was gathered directly from the personal file using a designed recollection sheet and the most important variables were analyzed comparing them with the incidence of the general population. 56.1% of patients were 36 to 40 years old. 88.2% had at least 2 previous deliveries. Approximately 84% of pregnant women had a full term pregnancy and 46.8% of all patients had complications, been the most common the PROM (7.9%), pregnancy induced hypertension (7.7%), chronic hypertension with superimposed pregnancy induced hypertension (5%) and fetal distress (3.2%). The cesarean sections represented a 28% of deliveries, being the most frequent indication having a previous C-section (7.2%). The most important complications of delivery where hemorrhage (12.2%) and vaginal tears (11.4%). 8 fetal deaths were found during the study. From all this, it’s deducted that pregnancy in old women is associated with increased maternal complications</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>embarazadas tardías</kwd>
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<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id pub-id-type="pid">S0253-294820040001</journal-id>
<journal-title>Revista Costarricense de Ciencias Médicas</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title>Rev. costarric. cienc. méd</abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0253-2948</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name>Editorial Nacional de Salud y Seguridad Social</publisher-name>
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<article-meta>
<article-id>S0253-29482004000100008</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es">Prevalencia de bajo peso en recién nacidos atendidos en el Hospital San Rafael de Alajuela</article-title>
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<surname>Leal-Mateos</surname>
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<aff id="A02">
<institution>,Ministerio de Salud  </institution>
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<aff id="A01">
<institution>,Area Rectora de SAlud  </institution>
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<month>01</month>
<year>2004</year>
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<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<year>2004</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>25</volume>
<fpage>67</fpage>
<lpage>73</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0253-29482004000100008&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0253-29482004000100008&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0253-29482004000100008&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>La prematuridad y el bajo peso al nacer incrementan considerablemente la mortalidad infantil. En los países industrializados, estos padecimientos son algunos de los mayores predictores de la mortalidad neonatal. Analizar la prevalencia de estos padecimientos en los hospitales nacionales resulta de gran importancia, no sólo para medir la ocurrencia de estos fenómenos, sino también para plantear posibles hipótesis de causalidad que permitan planificar con mayor eficiencia los servicios de salud y valorar nuevas necesidades sanitarias. El presente estudio determinó la prevalencia del bajo peso en los recién nacidos atendidos en el Servicio de Obstetricia del Hospital San Rafael de Alajuela durante el año 2003, con el propósito de analizar los factores maternos y neonatales asociados a este padecimiento. Se realizó una investigación descriptiva, retrospectiva y de corte transversal. El marco muestral considerado fue el número de nacimientos incluidos en el registro estadístico de la Sala de Partos del Servicio de Obstetricia del Hospital San Rafael de Alajuela. El tipo de muestreo utilizado fue aleatorio y sistemático. Las variables maternas recolectadas fueron: edad, estado civil y número de embarazos. Las variables neonatales que se estudiaron fueron: sexo, peso al nacer y semanas de gestación. La muestra analizada incluyó a 396 recién nacidos vivos. El peso promedio de los recién nacidos fue de 3 198 gramos (IC 95%, 3 151,8 g - 3 244,2 g) El 6,6% (n = 26) presentó un peso al nacer menor de 2 500 gramos. La prevalencia de bajo peso al nacer en el Hospital San Rafael de Alajuela fue de un 6,6%, cifra menor al porcentaje registrado en Latinoamérica y Costa Rica</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>Prematurity and low birth-weight considerably increase neonatal mortality. ln industrialized countries, these events are some of the greatest predictors of neonatal mortality. To analyze the prevalence of these phenomena in national hospitals is of great importance, not only to measure their occurrence but also to state possible hypotheses of causality which allow health -service planning with greater efficiency and the possibility of evaluating new public health needs. The aim of the study was to establish the prevalence of low birthweight in newborns attended to in the Obstetrical Service of the Hospital San Rafael de Alajuela during the year 2003, as well as neonatal factors associated with this event. A descriptive, retrospective and cross-sectional investigation was done. The sampling frame was the number of births included in the statistical registry of the delivery room of the Obstetrical Service of the San Rafael Hospital in Alajuela. The sampling method was randomized and systematic. The maternal variables collected were: age, civil status and number of pregnancies. The neonatal variables studied were: sex, birthweight and gestational age. The sample analyzed included 396 live births. The average birthweight was 3, 198 grams (95% confidence interval between 3151.8 grams to 3244.2 grams.) 6.6% showed a birthweight lower than 2500 grams. The prevalence of low birthwieght in San Rafael Hospital of Alajuela was 6.6%, which is lower than the percentage registered for Latin America and for Costa Rica</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>Prevalencia</kwd>
<kwd>bajo peso al nacer</kwd>
<kwd>Alajuela</kwd>
<kwd>Prevalence</kwd>
<kwd>low birthweight</kwd>
<kwd>Alajuela</kwd>
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<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0253-29482004000100009&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0253-29482004000100009&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0253-29482004000100009&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Nanovesículas o nanoestructuras que semejan pequeñas bacterias de menos de 0,5 my m de diámetro han sido encontradas como contaminantes de sueros comerciales provenientes de fetos bovinos y fueron responsables de efectos citotóxicos en monocapas celulares cultivadas in vitro. Posteriormente el agente fue cultivado y clasificado como Nanobacterium sanguineum, el cual se ha relacionado con la formación de cálculos renales y más recientemente con otras patologías asociadas a calcificación de tejidos. Por otra parte, otros científicos no aceptan la existencia de tal bacteria. Se requiere más investigación para determinar si esas nanoestructuras son realmente bacterias</p></abstract>
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