<?xml version="1.0" encoding="iso-8859-1" ?>
<articles>
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id pub-id-type="pid">S0253-294820050001</journal-id>
<journal-title>Revista Costarricense de Ciencias Médicas</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title>Rev. costarric. cienc. méd</abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0253-2948</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name>Editorial Nacional de Salud y Seguridad Social</publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0253-29482005000100001</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es">Veinticinco aniversario de la Revista Costarricense de Ciencias Médicas</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Salas Oviedo</surname>
<given-names>José Luis</given-names>
</name>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="A">
<institution>,  </institution>
<addr-line> </addr-line>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<month>01</month>
<year>2005</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<year>2005</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>26</volume>
<fpage>11</fpage>
<lpage>11</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0253-29482005000100001&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0253-29482005000100001&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0253-29482005000100001&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri></article-meta>
</front>
</article>
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id pub-id-type="pid">S0253-294820050001</journal-id>
<journal-title>Revista Costarricense de Ciencias Médicas</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title>Rev. costarric. cienc. méd</abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0253-2948</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name>Editorial Nacional de Salud y Seguridad Social</publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0253-29482005000100002</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es">Conocimientos y actitudes del personal de salud hacia la donación de órganos para trasplante.</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Leal-Mateos</surname>
<given-names>Manrique</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Flores-Rivera</surname>
<given-names>Eduardo</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Rimolo-Donadio</surname>
<given-names>Fiorella</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Matamoros-Ramírez</surname>
<given-names>María Amalia</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Mora-Badilla</surname>
<given-names>Gerardo</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="A01">
<institution>,CCSS  </institution>
<addr-line> </addr-line>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<month>01</month>
<year>2005</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<year>2005</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>26</volume>
<fpage>15</fpage>
<lpage>22</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0253-29482005000100002&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0253-29482005000100002&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0253-29482005000100002&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>El objetivo del presente trabajo es dar a conocer los conocimientos y actitudes del personal de salud hacia la donación de órganos para trasplantes. Durante diferentes actividades de sensibilización que realizó el equipo de salud del Centro de Trasplante Hepático y Cirugía Hepatobiliar de la CCSS, se contestó un cuestionario autoadministrado, voluntario y anónimo que englobaba aspectos epidemiológicos, clínicos, administrativos y legales relacionados al proceso de donación de órganos. El 55,4% (n=51) de los participantes consideraron que los trasplantes de órganos son procedimientos poco frecuentes en nuestro país. Incluso, el 4,3% (n=4) considera que se encuentra en fase experimental. Cuando se les preguntó si conocían la Ley 7409 sobre &quot;Autorización para trasplantar Órganos y Materiales Anatómicos Humanos&quot; únicamente el 21,7% (n=20) contestó positivamente. Sobre los criterios de muerte encefálica que establece la Ley 7409, únicamente el 21,7% (n=20) los conoce de forma completa. Al preguntar sobre quién debe ser el profesional de salud encargado de solicitar a los familiares de la persona fallecida el consentimiento para la extracción de órganos, el 44,6% (n=41) contestaron que debería ser el medico tratante del paciente al momento de su muerte. El 94,6% (n=87) de los encuestados indicó que estaría dispuesto a donar sus órganos al momento de su muerte y el 85,5% (n=81) estaría dispuesto a participar del proceso de procuración de órganos hospitalario si así se lo solicitaran. Lamentablemente, este estudio reflejó que el conocimiento que el personal de salud tiene en relación a este tema es escaso y en ocasiones inadecuado. Lo anterior incluso, podría llevar no sólo a una desacertada colaboración del personal de salud en este proceso, sino también a un retraso en la identificación de posibles donantes de órganos.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>The objective of the present article is to show the knowledge and attitude of the health personnel towards &lt;A NAME=&quot;OLE_LINK1&quot;&gt;&lt;A NAME=&quot;OLE_LINK2&quot;&gt;organ donation and transplantation&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/A&gt;. During different education activities, performed by the medical team of the Center of Liver Transplantation and Hepatobiliary Surgery of the Costa Rican Social Security Institution, a self administered, voluntary and anonimous questionnaire, which captured epidemiologic, administrative and legal aspects related to the organ donation process, was given out to fill. 55.4% (n=51) of the participants considered that organ transplantation was a rare procedure performed in our country. Even, 4.3% (n=4) considered it to be in an experimental phase. When asked if they knew the Law 7409 regarding &quot;Authorization for Organ and Human Anatomic Material Transplantation&quot;, only 21.7% (n=20) answered positively. About the brain death criteria established by the latter law, only 21.7% (n=20) are completely familiar with them. When asked who should be the health professional responsible of the organ solicitation to the family, 44.6% (n=41) answered that it should be the medical staff taking care of the patient at the moment of his death. 94.6% (n=84) of the people interviewed indicated that they would be willing to be an organ donor, and 85.5% (n=81) would be willing to participate in the process of organ procurement when needed. This study regretfully showed that the knowledge of the health personnel regarding this subject is poor and inadequate. This could lead to a low collaboration in the process, and also in a late identification of the possible organ donors.</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>Donación de Órganos</kwd>
<kwd>Trasplante de órganos</kwd>
<kwd>Costa Rica</kwd>
<kwd>Organ donation</kwd>
<kwd>transplantation</kwd>
<kwd>Costa Rica</kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front>
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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id pub-id-type="pid">S0253-294820050001</journal-id>
<journal-title>Revista Costarricense de Ciencias Médicas</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title>Rev. costarric. cienc. méd</abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0253-2948</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name>Editorial Nacional de Salud y Seguridad Social</publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0253-29482005000100003</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es">Infestacion de Smittium culisetae (trichomycetes) en larvas de mosquitos (Diptera: culicidae) en el Valle Central de Costa Rica.</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Salazar-Chang</surname>
<given-names>Helen</given-names>
</name>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="A01">
<institution>,Caja Costarricense de Seguro Social  </institution>
<addr-line>San José </addr-line>
<country>Costa Rica</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<month>01</month>
<year>2005</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<year>2005</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>26</volume>
<fpage>23</fpage>
<lpage>31</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0253-29482005000100003&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0253-29482005000100003&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0253-29482005000100003&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Los Trichomycetes incluyen un interesante grupo de hongos filamentosos de distribución cosmopolita que se han adaptado a vivir como comensales obligados en el intestino de diversos grupos de artrópodos. Al menos una especie de Smittium es patogénica para los mosquitos que infecta. Esta investigación se realizó con el propósito de establecer que tan amplia es la infestación de Smittium culisetae en larvas de mosquito colectados en el Valle Central de Costa Rica entre 1998 y el 2001. Se empleó técnicas entomológicas usuales para la colecta de los insectos, su cría con fines de identificación taxonómica y larvas de 3er. y 4º estadío se disecaron para exponer y estudiar el contenido del tracto digestivo. Se encontró un porcentaje de infestación de 25.8%, un valor semejante a lo informado por otros autores en otras regiones. No se encontró parásitos de otro tipo en los especimenes colectados.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>Trichomycetes constitute a cosmopolitan group of filamentous fungi which are obligate symbionts in the digestive tracts of arthropods. Although this relationship in most species is apparently of a commensalistic nature, at least one species of Smittium has been reported as pathogenic. This study was conducted to determine the level of infestation of S. culisetae in mosquito larvae in the central region of Costa Rica, and to detect other parasites of this medically important group of insects during 1998-2001. Larvae were reared using standard entomological techniques to obtain adults for taxonomic identification; third and fourth stage larvae were dissected to reveal gut contents. A total of 27 mosquito species were collected. The infestation rate in 670 larvae examined was 25.8% which is similar to findings in other areas. Infested larvae did not show any pathological symptoms nor were other parasites of mosquitoes found.</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>Trichomycetes</kwd>
<kwd>Smittium culisetae</kwd>
<kwd>larva de mosquitos</kwd>
<kwd>Costa Rica</kwd>
<kwd>grado de infestación</kwd>
<kwd>Trichomycetes</kwd>
<kwd>Smittium culisetae</kwd>
<kwd>mosquito larvae</kwd>
<kwd>Costa Rica</kwd>
<kwd>infestation rate</kwd>
</kwd-group>
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<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0253-29482005000100004&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0253-29482005000100004&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0253-29482005000100004&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Se recolectaron 898 muestras de heces de escolares de cinco centros educativos de la provincia de Limón y se analizaron en el laboratorio de Helmintología de la Universidad de Costa Rica mediante examen al fresco y técnica de Kato. Las muestras colectadas provenían de los siguientes los centros educativos Cieneguita (243), Atilia Mata (108), Tomás Guardia (287), Los Lirios (72) y Limoncito (188). Los resultados del examen coproparasitológico indicaron una positividad del 47,6% entre organismos parásitos y comensales. Los centros educativos con mayor índice de positividad fueron Los Lirios (71,4%) y Cieneguita (63,9%). Los niños de tercer y quinto nivel escolar presentaron el mayor índice de infección (20%) y las especies parásitas con mayor prevalencia fueron Ascaris lumbricoides (16,6%), Trichuris trichiura (18,6%) y Giardia duodenalis (7%). La prevalencia de uncinarias en este estudio fue del 3%. Las últimas encuestas nacionales sobre parasitismo intestinal en Costa Rica revelaron una dramática disminución de dichas enfermedades, a la vez que alertaron sobre la alta prevalencia en las zonas marginales y rurales del país. Los resultados de este estudio reflejan severas deficiencias en la infraestructura sanitaria y en los hábitos higiénicos de la población estudiada, lo que sugiere un alto índice de contaminación fecal y mala disposición de excretas. Estos datos deben llamar la atención de las autoridades de Salud de Costa Rica hacia las necesidades de la población escolar infantil de la ciudad de Limón, una de las más pobres y con mayor desempleo del país.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>Fecal samples of children from five elementary schools of the province of Limón, Costa Rica were analyzed at the Helminthology laboratory of the University of Costa Rica by means of direct smears and Kato methods. The 898 samples were from the schools of: Cieneguita (243), Atilia Mata (108), Tomás Guardia (287), Los Lirios (72) and Limoncito (188). The results showed that 47.6% of the children were positive for parasites (pathogenic and commensal organisms). The elementary schools with the highest positivity were Los Lirios (71.4%) and Cieneguita (63.9%). Children from third and fifth grade showed the highest infection rates (20%) and the most prevalent parasites were Ascaris lumbricoides (16.65), Trichuris trichiura (18.6%) and Lamblia intestinalis (7%). The prevalence of hookworms was 3%. The last national surveys of parasites in Costa Rica (1982, 1996), showed a dramatic reduction in intestinal helmintiasis and at the same time highlights that the prevalence of parasites is higher in marginal and rural communities. Our results reveal deep deficiencies in life conditions and hygiene, demonstrated with the high level of fecal contamination and an inadequate disposition of stools. The present study calls the attention of the health authorities about the needs of the children population in this province, the poorest and with the highest level of unemployment in the country.</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>Limón</kwd>
<kwd>parásitos intestinales</kwd>
<kwd>helmintos</kwd>
<kwd>protozoarios</kwd>
<kwd>método de Kato</kwd>
<kwd>Limón</kwd>
<kwd>intestinal parasites</kwd>
<kwd>helmintiasis</kwd>
<kwd>protozoarios</kwd>
<kwd>Kato methods</kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
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<front>
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<journal-title>Revista Costarricense de Ciencias Médicas</journal-title>
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<article-id>S0253-29482005000100005</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es">Diagnóstico y tamizaje del retardo mental hereditario más común, situación en Costa Rica.</article-title>
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<copyright-statement/>
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<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0253-29482005000100005&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0253-29482005000100005&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0253-29482005000100005&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>El síndrome del cromosoma X frágil (FRAXA) es la segunda causa genética de retardo mental y la forma más frecuente de retardo mental hereditario. FRAXA es causante de discapacidades que van desde grados variables de problemas de aprendizaje hasta retardo mental. Con frecuencia se asocian retrasos severos en el lenguaje, problemas de conducta, comportamiento semejante al autista, testículos agrandados, orejas grandes o prominentes, hiperactividad, retraso en el desarrollo motor y deficiente integración sensorial. Se hace un resumen del conocimiento actual de esta patología y del trabajo de los autores. Se tocan temas como el producto génico, los métodos de diagnóstico, el cuadro clínico, la epidemiología, la prevención, el tratamiento, el tamizaje y la situación en Costa Rica.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>Fragile X syndrome (FRAXA) is the most common type of hereditary mental retardation, and the second commonest with genetic origin. The range of affection in FRAXA includes from learning problems to mental retardation. The syndrome includes speech and language deficits, abnormal behaviours, including autistic features, macro orchidism, prominent ears, hyperactivity, sensorial integration and motor impairments. Actual data and the authors own work is reviewed. Topics approached are the gene product, diagnostic methodology, clinical picture, epidemiology, prevention, screening and the actual situation in Costa Rica regarding this pathology.</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
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<kwd>tamizaje en cascada</kwd>
<kwd>retardo mental</kwd>
<kwd>Human genetics</kwd>
<kwd>unstable mutations</kwd>
<kwd>fragile X syndrome</kwd>
<kwd>cascade screening</kwd>
<kwd>mental retardation</kwd>
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<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id pub-id-type="pid">S0253-294820050001</journal-id>
<journal-title>Revista Costarricense de Ciencias Médicas</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title>Rev. costarric. cienc. méd</abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0253-2948</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name>Editorial Nacional de Salud y Seguridad Social</publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0253-29482005000100006</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es">Fusarium como agente etiológico de onicomicosis: Informe de tres casos y revisión de la literatura</article-title>
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<aff id="A01">
<institution>,Facultad de Microbiología  </institution>
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</aff>
<aff id="A02">
<institution>,Universidad de Costa Rica  </institution>
<addr-line>San José </addr-line>
<country>Costa Rica</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<month>01</month>
<year>2005</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<year>2005</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>26</volume>
<fpage>53</fpage>
<lpage>59</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0253-29482005000100006&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0253-29482005000100006&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0253-29482005000100006&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Usualmente las onicomicosis se asocian con dermatofitos o Candida; no obstante, otros hongos diferentes a estos se han asociado a esta condición clínica, entre ellos Fusarium, un hongo que muchas veces se considera contaminante de laboratorio; por lo que es importante correlacionar el examen directo con el cultivo. Se describen tres casos de onicomicosis asociados a Fusarium sp., en uno de ellos el hallazgo más relevante y raro fue la intensa coloración verdosa de la uña. En los tres casos se aisló repetidamente el agente en cuestión. Se discute la importancia de identificar otros agentes diferentes de los usuales en onicomicosis, pues esos no responden a los tratamientos convencionales.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>Dermatophytes and Candida spp. are the most common agents associated with onychomycosis. However, other fungi that are considered laboratory contaminants, such as Fusarium spp. have been isolated from this clinical condition as etiological agents. In the present communication, three cases of onychomycosis caused by Fusarium are described. The nail of one of the patients exhibited an intense dark green color, which is a rare finding in this pathology. In all cases the fungus was repeatedly isolated. The importance of identifying the etiological agent is emphasized since conventional treatment for onychomycosis is ineffective against Fusarium.</p></abstract>
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<kwd>Onychomycosis</kwd>
<kwd>Fusarium</kwd>
<kwd>antifungal treatment</kwd>
<kwd>electron microscopy</kwd>
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