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<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id pub-id-type="pid">S0253-294820050003</journal-id>
<journal-title>Revista Costarricense de Ciencias Médicas</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title>Rev. costarric. cienc. méd</abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0253-2948</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name>Editorial Nacional de Salud y Seguridad Social</publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0253-29482005000300001</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es">Editorial</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Salas Oviedo</surname>
<given-names>José Luis</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="A01">
<institution>,CAJA COSTARRICENSE SEGURO SOCIAL  </institution>
<addr-line> </addr-line>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<month>06</month>
<year>2005</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<year>2005</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>26</volume>
<fpage>11</fpage>
<lpage>11</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0253-29482005000300001&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0253-29482005000300001&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0253-29482005000300001&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri></article-meta>
</front>
</article>
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id pub-id-type="pid">S0253-294820050003</journal-id>
<journal-title>Revista Costarricense de Ciencias Médicas</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title>Rev. costarric. cienc. méd</abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0253-2948</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name>Editorial Nacional de Salud y Seguridad Social</publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0253-29482005000300002</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es">Infección por Chlamydia trachomatis en un grupo de mujeres de alto riesgo, trabajadoras del sexo en Costa Rica</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>García</surname>
<given-names>Zaida</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Araúz</surname>
<given-names>Patricia</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A02"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Taylor</surname>
<given-names>Lizeth</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A02"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Moraga</surname>
<given-names>Manuel</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A03"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Herrera</surname>
<given-names>Gisela</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A04"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="A01">
<institution>,CCSS  </institution>
<addr-line> </addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="A02">
<institution>,ICMRT  </institution>
<addr-line>San José </addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="A03">
<institution>,Unidad del Control del VIH/SIDA y Enfermedades de Transmisión Sexual  </institution>
<addr-line> </addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="A04">
<institution>,Hospital Dr. Rafael Calderón Guardia  </institution>
<addr-line> </addr-line>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<month>06</month>
<year>2005</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<year>2005</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>26</volume>
<fpage>15</fpage>
<lpage>29</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0253-29482005000300002&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0253-29482005000300002&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0253-29482005000300002&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Las clamidias son los patógenos más importantes en las enfermedades de transmisión sexual en todo el mundo. Sólo para Estados Unidos se estima que ocurren más de 4 millones de infecciones clamidiales por año. En Costa Rica pocos estudios de la infección por Chlamydia trachomatis (CT) han sido publicados por la falta de introducción de pruebas sensibles y específicas para su tamizaje y diagnóstico. Este estudio pretende determinar la presencia de la infección por CT en un grupo de mujeres trabajadoras de sexo (MTS) para demostrar la necesidad de diagnóstico y tomar las medidas adecuadas de prevención y control. En un estudio descriptivo transversal prospectivo, un total de 457 MTS fueron analizadas, se obtuvieron muestras de endocervical y orina, así como datos epidemiológicos. La prueba de PCR Roche Diagnostic fue usada para detectar la infección por C. Trachomatis. Se determina un 14,7 % de prevalencia de infección afectando principalmente a los grupos etarios de 16 a 34 años así, como su relación con comportamientos de riesgo tales como, edad temprana de inicio de relaciones sexuales (10 a 19 años), baja escolaridad (66% primaria o menos), múltiples compañeros sexuales (50,7% de 11 a 50 por semana), no uso del preservativo (43,8%). No se encontró relación entre la infección por CT y el diagnóstico clínico sintomatológico lo que evidencia la necesidad de la implementación de un método de diagnóstico como las pruebas de amplifi cación nucleica de gran sensibilidad y especifi cidad como, su aplicación en diferentes tipos de muestras: endocervicales, uretrales, orina que permitan la detección y prevención de la infección, para brindar los tratamientos oportunos y la disminución de la morbilidad y la transmisión.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>The Chlamydia are the most important pathogens in the sexual transmission diseases over the world. An estimated of 4 million Chlamydia infection occurs annually in the United States. In Costa Rica, few studies of the Chlamydia trachomatis (CT) infection have been published because of the lack of sensitive and specifi c testing introduction methods for screening and diagnostic. This study tries to determine the presence of the infection by CT in a group of women sex workers (WSW) to demonstrate that we must implemented the diagnostic and take the measures from prevention and control. In one descriptive, prospective and transversal study, a total of 457 WSW were analyzed. Endocervicales, urine samples and epidemiological data were obtained from the study. C. Trachomatis infection was detected with the PCR Roche Diagnostic Test. In this study a 14.7% of prevalence is determined, affecting mainly groups of people from 16 to 34 years old. Besides, a connection with early sexual intercourse (10 to 19 years), low schooling (primary 66% or less), multiple sexual partners (50.7% from 11 to 50 per week), non use of condom (43.8%) was found. In the study there was not relation between infection by CT and the clinical diagnostic symptoms that demonstrates the necessity of the implementation of a diagnostic method, like nucleic acid amplification tests, for the great sensitivity and specificity, and its application in different specimens: urethral, endocervicales, urine that allow the detection and prevention of the infection, to offer the proper treatments and the reduction of the morbidity and the transmission.</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>Chlamydia trachomatis</kwd>
<kwd>Infecciones por Clamidia</kwd>
<kwd>Mujeres trabajadoras de sexo</kwd>
<kwd>PCR</kwd>
<kwd>Diagnóstico</kwd>
<kwd>Prevalencia</kwd>
<kwd>Chlamydia trachomatis</kwd>
<kwd>Chlamydia infection</kwd>
<kwd>Women sex workers</kwd>
<kwd>PCR</kwd>
<kwd>Diagnostic</kwd>
<kwd>Prevalence</kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front>
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<institution>,Dr. Raúl Blanco Cervantes  </institution>
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<institution>,Universidad de Costa Rica  </institution>
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<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0253-29482005000300003&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0253-29482005000300003&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0253-29482005000300003&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Chrysobacterium meningosepticum es una bacteria ambiental que sobrevive en ambientes nosocomiales diversos y es capaz de producir infecciones en pacientes debilitados, colonizando inicialmente el tracto respiratorio. Esta bacteria muestra resistencia a muchos antimicrobianos, por lo que se vuelve difícil tratar una infección causada por este germen. Se describe la evolución de un cuadro infeccioso presentado por una paciente de 66 años, con insufi ciencia cardiaca, hepatopatía e inmunocomprometida por tratamiento con prednisona para controlar la artritis reumatoidea que padecía. Cinco días antes del internamiento, la paciente presentó un cuadro de disnea progresiva y malestar general. Al momento del ingreso al hospital se mostraba afebril, hipotensa, con leucocitosis absoluta con desviación izquierda y alteración de función renal y hepática. Durante el segundo día fue necesario suministrar oxígeno suplementario y tratamiento para la insufi ciencia cardiaca. Al tercer día de internamiento presentó fiebre, mayor disnea, delirio y taquicardia y se inició el tratamiento empírico con cefotaxime y amikacina. Los cultivos de orina y esputo tomados al momento de su ingreso fueron negativos por bacterias. Al cuarto día la paciente continuaba febril y con mayor deterioro del cuadro respiratorio y un grado de delirio importante. Se cambió el tratamiento a cefotaxime, ampicilina y vancomicina y se realizó punción lumbar. El líquido cefalorraquídeo presentó 31000 leucocitos/ì L con 92% de polimorfonucleares, proteínas elevadas y en la tinción de Gram del sedimento se encontró gran cantidad de bacilos Gram negativos. De un hemocultivo tomado previamente se aisló un bacilo Gram negativo. Al quinto día, la paciente presentó choque séptico que complicó su estado general y provocó su fallecimiento. Los cultivos de sangre y de líquido cefalorraquídeo revelaron la presencia de C. meningosepticum. El caso se ajusta a las descripciones hechas en la literatura para C. meningosepticum, un microorganismo poco usual que produjo un proceso infeccioso en un adulto mayor inmunocomprometido por su edad, su condición de fondo y por el tratamiento con prednisona, causándole meningitis y una bacteremia que evolucionó a choque séptico y que culminó con su muerte a pesar de las medidas tomadas.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>Chrysobacterium meningosepticum is an environmental bacterium that can survive in different nosocomial environments and is able to produce infections in debilitated patients by initial colonization of the respiratory tract. This bacterium exhibits resistance to many antimicrobial agents what makes very difficult its eradication from an infectious process. Clinical evolution of an infectious disease caused by C. meningosepticum in a 66 years old immunocompromised patient is described. Five days before being hospitalized, the patient exhibited progressive dyspnea and malaise. When the patient was admitted into the hospital she was afebrile and hypotensive; blood tests showed leukocytosis with juvenile forms (left shift) and kidney and liver functions altered. Supplementary oxygen and treatment for cardiac insuffi ciency were provided during the second day. At the third day she exhibited fever, dyspnea and tachycardia. Empirical antimicrobial treatment with cefotaxime and amikacin was started. Bacteriological cultures of urine and sputum taken at the time the patient was admitted to the hospital were negative. During fourth day the patient continued with fever, the respiratory problem got worse and delirium was present. Antimicrobial treatment was changed to cefotaxime, ampicillin and vancomycin and a lumbar puncture was performed. The cerebrospinal fl uid (CSF) showed 31000 leukocytes/ì L (92% polymorphonuclear leukocytes), elevated protein concentration and a high amount of Gram-negative bacilli in the sediment. A Gram-negative bacillus was also isolated from a blood culture previously taken. The fifth day of hospitalization, the patient entered in septic shock, the general condition got worse and she died. CSF and blood cultures were positive for C. meningosepticum. This case fits descriptions found in literature about C. meningosepticum, an uncommon microorganism causing meningitis and bacteremia in an immunocompromised patient (because of age, general condition and treatment with prednisone), that evolved to septic shock and dead in spite of regular antimicrobial treatment and medical care.</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>Meningitis</kwd>
<kwd>Choque séptico</kwd>
<kwd>Flavobacterium meningosepticum</kwd>
<kwd>Meningitis</kwd>
<kwd>Septic shock</kwd>
<kwd>Flavobacterium meningosepticum</kwd>
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<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id pub-id-type="pid">S0253-294820050003</journal-id>
<journal-title>Revista Costarricense de Ciencias Médicas</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title>Rev. costarric. cienc. méd</abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0253-2948</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name>Editorial Nacional de Salud y Seguridad Social</publisher-name>
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<article-id>S0253-29482005000300004</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es">Embarazo heterotópico: reporte de un caso</article-title>
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<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
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<surname>Cerdas -Acuña</surname>
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<aff id="A01">
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<aff id="A02">
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<month>06</month>
<year>2005</year>
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<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<year>2005</year>
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<volume>26</volume>
<fpage>39</fpage>
<lpage>44</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0253-29482005000300004&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0253-29482005000300004&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0253-29482005000300004&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>El embarazo heterotópico ocurre cuando la implantación de dos o más óvulos fecundados se da simultáneamente en sitios distintos intra y extrauterino o extrauterinos. La tasa de mortalidad fetal es de un 65% a 95% y la mortalidad materna es menor al 1%. Como factores de riesgo reconocidos están las técnicas de reproducción asistida, la enfermedad pélvica inflamatoria, antecedentes de embarazo ectópico previo y cirugía tubárica previa. Se describe aquí el caso de un embarazo heterotópico espontáneo en una paciente de 22 años que presentó a las 10 semanas más 3 días de amenorrea, cuadro abdominal agudo, encontrándose gestación intrauterina y masa anexial izquierda. La vista ultrasonográfica reveló la presencia de embarazo intra y extrauterino, la video laparoscopía y el reporte patológico de los restos placentarios y el legrado, confi rmaron el diagnóstico previo. Tres aspectos importantes de esta patología son: su baja incidencia, el ultrasonido como una importante arma diagnóstica y que el tratamiento es quirúrgico.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>The heterotopic pregnancy occurs when the implantation of two or more fertilizel ovum are implanted simultaneously intra and extra uterine or both extra uterine. The fetal mortality rate is between 65% to 95% and the maternal mortality rate is less than 1%. The main risk factors are asisted reproduction techniques, pelvic infl ammatory disease, previous ectopic pregnancy and previous tubal surgery. In this study we describe one case of heterotopic pregnancy without risk factors, in a twenty two years old. She was 10. 3 weeks of gestation, with an acute pelvic pain. The ultrasound showed one incomplete intra uterine pregnancy and a left tubal pregnancy. The video laparoscopy and the pathology report confirmed the diagnosis. Three important aspects from this pathology are: the low incidence, the ultrasound as an important tool and the defi nite surgical treatment.</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>embarazo heterotópico</kwd>
<kwd>reproducción asistida</kwd>
<kwd>embarazo heterotópico cornual</kwd>
<kwd>fertilización in vitro</kwd>
<kwd>heterotopic pregnancy</kwd>
<kwd>assisted reproduction</kwd>
<kwd>cornual heterotopic pregnancy</kwd>
<kwd>in vitro fertilization</kwd>
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<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>Pleural tuberculosis is a condition present in more than 30% of patients with tuberculosis, in fact it is a rather common initial presentation. Pleural tuberculosis diagnostic is often difficult by direct confirmation of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in cultures and stains, it has lead the development of new criteria and interventions focused in the improvement of the sensibility diagnostic methods. We describe a patient with unilateral pleural effusion who met the criteria of this clinical condition.</p></abstract>
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<kwd>tuberculosis</kwd>
<kwd>tuberculsis pleural</kwd>
<kwd>adenosín deamidasa</kwd>
<kwd>tuberculosis</kwd>
<kwd>pleural tuberculosis</kwd>
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<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0253-29482005000300006&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0253-29482005000300006&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0253-29482005000300006&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>El objetivo de este trabajo es analizar un tema de actualidad y de interés para los profesionales de la salud, relacionados con la &quot;nueva genética&quot;. Se tocan aspectos como el proyecto del genoma humano, el nacimiento de la medicina genómica, su potencial en el campo de la salud y sus implicaciones éticas, legales y sociales.</p></abstract>
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