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<articles>
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id pub-id-type="pid">S1409-001519950002</journal-id>
<journal-title>Medicina Legal de Costa Rica</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title>Med. leg. Costa Rica</abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>1409-0015</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name>Asociación Costarricense de Medicina Forense</publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S1409-00151995000200001</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es">Medicina penitenciaria y derechos humanos en la cátedra de medicina legal</article-title>
</title-group>
<aff id="A">
<institution>,  </institution>
<addr-line> </addr-line>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<month>05</month>
<year>1995</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<year>1995</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>11-12</volume>
<fpage>1</fpage>
<lpage>2</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S1409-00151995000200001&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S1409-00151995000200001&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S1409-00151995000200001&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri></article-meta>
</front>
</article>
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id pub-id-type="pid">S1409-001519950002</journal-id>
<journal-title>Medicina Legal de Costa Rica</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title>Med. leg. Costa Rica</abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>1409-0015</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name>Asociación Costarricense de Medicina Forense</publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S1409-00151995000200002</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es">Los treinta años de la Morgue Judicial de Costa Rica</article-title>
</title-group>
<aff id="A">
<institution>,  </institution>
<addr-line> </addr-line>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<month>05</month>
<year>1995</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<year>1995</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>11-12</volume>
<fpage>2</fpage>
<lpage>3</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S1409-00151995000200002&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S1409-00151995000200002&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S1409-00151995000200002&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri></article-meta>
</front>
</article>
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id pub-id-type="pid">S1409-001519950002</journal-id>
<journal-title>Medicina Legal de Costa Rica</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title>Med. leg. Costa Rica</abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>1409-0015</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name>Asociación Costarricense de Medicina Forense</publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S1409-00151995000200003</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es">Elección terapéutica y transfusión sanguínea</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Garay</surname>
<given-names>Alain</given-names>
</name>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="A">
<institution>,  </institution>
<addr-line> </addr-line>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<month>05</month>
<year>1995</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<year>1995</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>11-12</volume>
<fpage>4</fpage>
<lpage>11</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S1409-00151995000200003&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S1409-00151995000200003&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S1409-00151995000200003&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>When blood transfussion medicine is debated because of failures in the standard systematic blood screening system, the subject of how to manage the benefit-danger ratio in blood transfussions becomes urgent. Can the patient’s right to select and optional therapeutic method when blood transfussion is not desired. Through the study of Jehovah 'witnesses' calims who turn to science for optional treatments, the essay insists on the implications of such a choice on public and private health policies.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Cuando la medicina transfusional está en tela de juicio por el fracaso de la rutina sistemática de la sangre, es urgente plantearse la pregunta de ¿cómo gestionar el beneficio-riesgo de la transfusión sanguínea? ¿Puede el libre albedrío del paciente modificar la relación terapéutica? Este artículo explica el papel determinante del derecho del paciente a elegir una terapéutica de sustitución a la transfusión sanguínea. A través del estudio de las exigencias del testigo de Jehová que recurre a la ciencia para elegir un tratamiento selectivo, el artículo insiste en las incidencias del tal elección terapéutica sobre las políticas de salud pública y privada.</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>Blood transfussion</kwd>
<kwd>patient'rights</kwd>
<kwd>Jehovah witnesses</kwd>
<kwd>alternative techniques</kwd>
<kwd>Transfusión sanguínea</kwd>
<kwd>derecho del paciente</kwd>
<kwd>testigos de Jehová</kwd>
<kwd>técnicas alternativas</kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front>
<back>
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</article>
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id pub-id-type="pid">S1409-001519950002</journal-id>
<journal-title>Medicina Legal de Costa Rica</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title>Med. leg. Costa Rica</abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>1409-0015</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name>Asociación Costarricense de Medicina Forense</publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S1409-00151995000200004</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es">Responsabilidad penal del profesional en medicina en casos de esterilización</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Salazar Ureña</surname>
<given-names>Bernan Luis</given-names>
</name>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Quintana Rodríguez</surname>
<given-names>Roxana</given-names>
</name>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="A">
<institution>,  </institution>
<addr-line> </addr-line>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<month>05</month>
<year>1995</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<year>1995</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>11-12</volume>
<fpage>12</fpage>
<lpage>19</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S1409-00151995000200004&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S1409-00151995000200004&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S1409-00151995000200004&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>The subject of sterlization is analysed base on the literature and compared with Costa Rican Law. Sterilization is an operation designed to eliminate reproductive capacity. In man, it implies a simple duct closing, and in woman the oviduct is blocked. The operating professional may hide, behing a &quot;medical ando social&quot;motivation, a criminal purpose of eliminating a particular group for ethnic or plitical rasons, wtc., which can be qualified as genocide, or simply may wish to hurt another person, which according to Costa Rican legislaiton qualifies as &quot;very serious damage&quot;.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Se hace una revisión bibliográfica de la esterilización y se le compara con las leyes de Costa Rica. La esterilización es la operación quirúrgica realizada en un ser humano en procura de que pierda la capacidad de engendrar o concebir. En el hombre basta un sencillo &quot;vasoligamento&quot;, en la mujer el procedimiento procura el &quot;bloqueo del oviducto&quot;. Quien la realiza puede ocultar tras un fin médico-social un comportamiento doloso que tiene a la eliminación de un grupo de personas por razones étnicas, políticas, etc., situación que podría configurar el delito de genocidio; o bien, pretender lesionar a otra persona, comportamiento que configuraría el delito de lesiones gravísimas en la legislación costarricense.</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>Sterilization</kwd>
<kwd>ilegal action</kwd>
<kwd>therapeutics</kwd>
<kwd>genocide</kwd>
<kwd>damage</kwd>
<kwd>bibliographic review</kwd>
<kwd>Esterilización</kwd>
<kwd>antijuridicidad</kwd>
<kwd>terapéutica</kwd>
<kwd>genocidio</kwd>
<kwd>lesiones</kwd>
<kwd>revisión bibliográfica</kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front>
<back>
<ref-list>
<ref id="B1">
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<source>DICCIONARIO ENCICLOPÉDICO QUILLET</source>
<year>1976</year>
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<given-names>Francisco</given-names>
</name>
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<year>1984</year>
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<year>18 d</year>
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<given-names>Roberto</given-names>
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<ref id="B5">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
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<given-names>José María</given-names>
</name>
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<year>1983</year>
<month></month>
<day></day>
<edition>novena</edition>
<publisher-loc>Madrid </publisher-loc>
<publisher-name>Editorial Gráficas Carasa</publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
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<ref id="B6">
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<ref id="B7">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>BACIGALUPO</surname>
<given-names>Enrique</given-names>
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<article-title xml:lang="es">Lineamientos de la Teoría del Delito</article-title>
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<year>1987</year>
<month></month>
<day></day>
<edition>tercera</edition>
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<surname>ABDELNOUR</surname>
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<article-title xml:lang="es">La responsabilidad civil derivada del hecho punible</article-title>
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<year>1984</year>
<month></month>
<day></day>
<publisher-loc>San José </publisher-loc>
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<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id pub-id-type="pid">S1409-001519950002</journal-id>
<journal-title>Medicina Legal de Costa Rica</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title>Med. leg. Costa Rica</abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>1409-0015</issn>
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<publisher-name>Asociación Costarricense de Medicina Forense</publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S1409-00151995000200005</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es">Evaluación médica de testimonios de tortura y participación de los médicos en la tortura</article-title>
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<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Petersen</surname>
<given-names>Hans Draminsky</given-names>
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<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
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<given-names>Ole Vedel</given-names>
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</contrib-group>
<aff id="A01">
<institution>,Grupo Médico Danés  </institution>
<addr-line>Copenague </addr-line>
<country>Dinamarca</country>
</aff>
<aff id="A02">
<institution>,Grupo Médico Danés International Rehabilitation,Council for Torture Vicitms </institution>
<addr-line>Copenhagen </addr-line>
<country>Dinamarca</country>
</aff>
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<year>1995</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<year>1995</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>11-12</volume>
<fpage>20</fpage>
<lpage>28</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S1409-00151995000200005&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S1409-00151995000200005&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S1409-00151995000200005&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>Today, torture is used in more than 90 countries, In most of theses countries, the authorities try to conceal the use of torture. Therefore torture methods which do not leave marks are more often selected. Consequently, appraisal of statements of torture is mostly based on interviewss with exprisoners. The statement of torture is compared with the description of symptoms found after the prison period and with the results of the cinical examination, which is often normal. In the evaluation of the validity of a statement reservations often have to be madre for minor disagreements between the single elements of the examination, for example because of impaired concentration during the examinaiton and loss of concluousness during the torture. Furthemore, the statement may be incompelte because of psychological inhibitions and imperfect interpretation. Assessment of allegations of medical involvemnet in torture is also bases on information given by the ex-detainee. The presumed doctor's examination techniques and the treatment carried out and prescribed by him, are compared with the context in which he acted. Only very rarely do torture victims have marks from e. G. Injections or suturing which can be related to medical treatment in torture centres. The critical evaluation of data collected during in-depth interviews with torture victims is the core of documentaiton of torture and medical involvement in torture. The national medical asociations share the responsability of ensuring that their country's doctors comply with the ethical rules and do not in any way participate in or omit to report torture.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Hoy en día, se practica la tortura en más de 90 países. En la mayoría de ellos las autoridades tratan de ocultar el uso de la tortura, por lo que a menudo eligen métodos que no dejan rastros. En consecuencia, la evaluación de los testimonios de tortura se basa principalmente en entrevistas con ex prisioneros. Las denuncias de tortura se comparan con la descripción de los síntomas posteriores al período de encarcelamiento y con el resultado del examen clínico, el que con frecuencia es normal. A menudo hay que proceder con cautela al evaluar la validez de una declaración, por si hubieran mínimas discrepancias entre los elementos de un examen simple, debido por ejemplo, a falta de concentración durante el examen o pérdida de conciencia durante la tortura. Además, puede ser que el testimonio sea incompleto a causa de inhibiciones psicológicas e interpretación imperfecta. La evaluación de las denuncias formuladas sobre participación médica en la tortura, también se basa en informaciones de ex detenidos. Las supuestas técnicas utilizada por el médico y el tratamiento efectuado y recomendado por él, son comparados con el contexto dentro del cual éste actuó. Sólo muy rara vez las víctimas de tortura tienen marcas que puedan asociarse a tratamientos médicos en centros de tortura, tales como inyecciones o suturas. La evaluación crítica de los datos recolectados durante entrevistas en profundidad con víctimas de tortura, es la esencia de la documentación sobre la tortura y la participación médica. La asociación médica nacional, debe compartir la responsabilidad de asegurar que los médicos de sus países cumplan con las normas éticas y no participen de ninguna manera en la tortura u omitan informar sobre ella.</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>Human rights</kwd>
<kwd>torture</kwd>
<kwd>testimony</kwd>
<kwd>physicians role</kwd>
<kwd>Derechos humanos</kwd>
<kwd>tortura</kwd>
<kwd>testimonio</kwd>
<kwd>médicos</kwd>
</kwd-group>
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<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id pub-id-type="pid">S1409-001519950002</journal-id>
<journal-title>Medicina Legal de Costa Rica</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title>Med. leg. Costa Rica</abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>1409-0015</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name>Asociación Costarricense de Medicina Forense</publisher-name>
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</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S1409-00151995000200006</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es">El suicidio en la población femenina en Costa Rica. 1983-1993</article-title>
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<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Flores Sandí</surname>
<given-names>Grettchen</given-names>
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<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
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<aff id="A01">
<institution>,Poder Judicial Organismo de Investigación Judicial Departamento de Medicina Legal</institution>
<addr-line> </addr-line>
<country>Costa Rica</country>
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<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<month>05</month>
<year>1995</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<year>1995</year>
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<volume>11-12</volume>
<fpage>29</fpage>
<lpage>35</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S1409-00151995000200006&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S1409-00151995000200006&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S1409-00151995000200006&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>A total of 170 autopsy records dealing with female suicide in Costa Rica for a ten year period were studied. The greatest suicide frequency was in the group of women that were; aged 15-20 years, single, Costa Ricans, from the urban metroplitan area and housewives. The most frequent method was poisoning, the cause is still unknown in many cass and the higher counts correspond to April-October. Albeit poisoning has long been the main method, hanging, jumping and self-shooting with fire arm have increased slightly in frequency during this period.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Se analizaron 170 protocolos de autopsia correspondientes a suicidios en mujeres en un período de diez años. Se observó una mayor frecuencia en mujeres entre quince y veinte años de edad, solteras, costarricences, de zona urbana (área metropolitana) y amas de casa. El método más común fue la intoxicación, la causa generalmente se ignora y el periodo principal es entre abril y octubre. Aunque los métodos de intoxicación se han mantenido como los principales, la ahorcadura, la precipitación y la herida por proyectil de arma de fuego han presentado un leve incremento de se período.</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
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<kwd>frequency</kwd>
<kwd>characteristics</kwd>
<kwd>Costa Rica</kwd>
<kwd>Suicidio femenino</kwd>
<kwd>frecuencia</kwd>
<kwd>características</kwd>
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<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id pub-id-type="pid">S1409-001519950002</journal-id>
<journal-title>Medicina Legal de Costa Rica</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title>Med. leg. Costa Rica</abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>1409-0015</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name>Asociación Costarricense de Medicina Forense</publisher-name>
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<article-id>S1409-00151995000200007</article-id>
<title-group>
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<institution>,Instituto de Medicina Forense  </institution>
<addr-line>Buenos Aires </addr-line>
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<year>1995</year>
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<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<year>1995</year>
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<volume>11-12</volume>
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<lpage>38</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
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<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S1409-00151995000200007&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S1409-00151995000200007&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S1409-00151995000200007&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>Suicidal tendencies are associated with loneliness, lack of psychological attention during childhood, drug addiction, serious illness, etc., In psyciatric patients, it is more frequent shortly after they are dismissed from the hospital. In Argentina, the suicide rate increased by 25% from 1990 to 1992, and 78% of the victims are males. The proportion that jumped to death increased, particularly inurban areas. In 40 Argentinian cases there was a basalpenetration of the femur (25%), fracture of the calcaneus bone (17%), fracture of pelvis o femur cervix (7%) and explosion of the liver (20%).</p></abstract>
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<kwd>precipitación</kwd>
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<journal-title>Medicina Legal de Costa Rica</journal-title>
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<institution>,Medicina Legal  </institution>
<addr-line>Paitilla </addr-line>
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<copyright-statement/>
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<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S1409-00151995000200008&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S1409-00151995000200008&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S1409-00151995000200008&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>The petrous section of the temporal bone was studied in a hundred autopsies of Costa Rican patients (September 1992-february 1993). The frequency of victims of drowing was associated with demographically dominant groups and with the provinces with more touristic activity in beaches. The hemorrhage of the petrous section of the temporal bone is not a patognomonic sympton of drowing because it is also associated with other causes of death. For example, the pressure gradient between the midle ear and the evironment during submersion, is neither the only nor the main cause for it. Hypoxia is a common element in all the death causes considered in this study, and it could be the origin of damage to the vascular endothelium which was followed by hemorrhage in the middle ear.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Se analizó la porción petrosa del hueso temporal en cien autopsias de costarricenses (setiembre 1992-febrero 1993). La frecuencia de las víctimas de asfixia por sumersión coincidió con los grupos demográficamente dominantes y las provincias con mayor actividad turística de playa. La hemorragia de la porción petrosa del hueso temporal no es un signo patognomónico de las asfixias por sumersión, ya que se presenta en otras causas de muerte. Por ejemplo, el gradiente depresión entre el oído medio y el ambiente que ocurre en la sumersión, no es el factor único o principal para ello. La hipoxia es un elemento común en todas las causas de muerte presentadas en este estudio, pudiendo ser ésta la causa del daño al endotelio vascular, con la subsecuente hemorragia a nivel del oído medio.</p></abstract>
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<kwd>hemorragia</kwd>
<kwd>hueso temporal</kwd>
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<edition>cuarta</edition>
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<publisher-name>Interamericana</publisher-name>
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<given-names>J.L</given-names>
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<year>1993</year>
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<volume>27</volume>
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<article-title xml:lang="en">Nitric Oxide Regulates the Expression of Vasoconstrictors and Growth Factors by Vascular Endothelium Under Both Nomoxia and Hypoxia</article-title>
<source>J-Clin-Invest</source>
<year>1993</year>
<month></month>
<day></day>
<volume>92</volume>
<issue>1</issue>
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<source>Am-J-Physiol</source>
<year>1993</year>
<month></month>
<day></day>
<volume>264</volume>
<issue>4 Pt 1</issue>
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<year>1993</year>
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<volume>264</volume>
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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id pub-id-type="pid">S1409-001519950002</journal-id>
<journal-title>Medicina Legal de Costa Rica</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title>Med. leg. Costa Rica</abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>1409-0015</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name>Asociación Costarricense de Medicina Forense</publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S1409-00151995000200009</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es">Reseña histórica: identificación de los restos mortales de José Martí, mediante el aparato dental</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Cobo Abreu</surname>
<given-names>Antonio Rafael</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>González Pérez</surname>
<given-names>Jorge</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A02"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Cobo Montañés</surname>
<given-names>Yanin</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A03"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="A01">
<institution>,Medicina Legal  </institution>
<addr-line>Santiago </addr-line>
<country>Cuba</country>
</aff>
<aff id="A02">
<institution>,Instituto de Medicina Legal  </institution>
<addr-line>La Habana </addr-line>
<country>Cuba</country>
</aff>
<aff id="A03">
<institution>,Medicina Legal  </institution>
<addr-line>Santiago </addr-line>
<country>Cuba</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<month>05</month>
<year>1995</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<year>1995</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>11-12</volume>
<fpage>46</fpage>
<lpage>49</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S1409-00151995000200009&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S1409-00151995000200009&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S1409-00151995000200009&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>This paper is a historical review of medical reports about the remains of the Cuban National Hero José Julián Martí which were based on dentition. The Spanish army had incorrect information as did those in charge of the second exhumation in 1907. The following debate led the forensic expert to accuse newspaper reporters of misunderstanding his words, but a final statement required another forensic exam to which Marti’s dentist was called. This showed that the leader of Cuaban independence had damaged teeth instead of the &quot;perfect dentition&quot;originally mentioned.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Se hace un análisis histórico de los dictámenes sobre los restos mortales del Héroe Nacional de Cuba José Julián Martí y Pérez, en relación con su aparato dental. Las tropas españolas poseían informaicón errónea al igual que ocurrió en la segunda exhumación (1907). La polémica suscitada llevó finalmente a que el forense culpara a los periodistas de haber mal interpretado sus palabras, pero para la retractación fue necesario un segundo peritaje forense en el que participó el dentista de Martí. Ello demostró que el dirigente de la Independencia cubana tenía una dentadura dañada; y no una &quot;perfecta&quot;como se dijo originalmente.</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>History</kwd>
<kwd>Jose Martí</kwd>
<kwd>dentition</kwd>
<kwd>identificatio</kwd>
<kwd>Historia</kwd>
<kwd>José Martí</kwd>
<kwd>dentición</kwd>
<kwd>identificación</kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front>
<back>
<ref-list>
<ref id="B1">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es">Centenario del Natalicio de José Martí</article-title>
<source>Publicaciones del Archivo Nacional</source>
<year>1953</year>
<month></month>
<day></day>
<volume>XXXVI</volume>
<publisher-loc>La Habana </publisher-loc>
<publisher-name></publisher-name>
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<ref id="B2">
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<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>LEAL SPENGLER</surname>
<given-names>Eusebio</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es">Cesa todo el rencor</article-title>
<source>Periódico juventud Rebelde</source>
<year>16 d</year>
<month>e </month>
<day>ma</day>
<publisher-loc>La Habana </publisher-loc>
<publisher-name></publisher-name>
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<ref id="B3">
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<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>VALENCIA Y FORNS</surname>
<given-names>Pablo A</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es">Acta de Defunción de José Martí</article-title>
<source>Acta de Defunción de José Martí</source>
<year>26 d</year>
<month>e </month>
<day>ma</day>
<publisher-loc>Santiago de Cuba </publisher-loc>
<publisher-name></publisher-name>
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<ref id="B4">
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<name>
<surname>CASTELLANOS</surname>
<given-names>Gerardo</given-names>
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</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es">Los últimos años-días de Martí</article-title>
<source>Los últimos años-días de Martí</source>
<year>28 d</year>
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<given-names>Emilio</given-names>
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<article-title xml:lang="es">Crónicas de Santiago de Cuba</article-title>
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<year>1924</year>
<month></month>
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<ref id="B6">
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<source>Publicaciones del Archivo Nacional, Centenario del Natalicio de José Martí</source>
<year>1953</year>
<month></month>
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<publisher-loc>La Habana </publisher-loc>
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<source>Publicaciones del Archivo Nacional, Centenario del Natalicio de José Martí</source>
<year>1953</year>
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<publisher-loc>La Habana </publisher-loc>
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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id pub-id-type="pid">S1409-001519950002</journal-id>
<journal-title>Medicina Legal de Costa Rica</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title>Med. leg. Costa Rica</abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>1409-0015</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name>Asociación Costarricense de Medicina Forense</publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S1409-00151995000200010</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es">Intoxicación por estricnina en Costa Rica</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Flores Sandí</surname>
<given-names>Grettchen</given-names>
</name>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="A01">
<institution>,Departamento de Medicina Legal  </institution>
<addr-line>San José </addr-line>
<country>Costa Rica</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<month>05</month>
<year>1995</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<year>1995</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>11-12</volume>
<fpage>50</fpage>
<lpage>52</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S1409-00151995000200010&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S1409-00151995000200010&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S1409-00151995000200010&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>Strychinine is an alcaloid of plant origin and convulsive effect which has beenused in Costa Rica as a pesticide androdenticide, as well as adulterant in abused drugs. Its therapeutic use has been rejected. Poisoning with this substance is not common because n Costa Rica its use is currently restricted to the elimination of street dogs practiced by sanitary personnel. The symptons, basically neuroogic and cardiorespiratory, require clinical and laboratory analysis, according to the present review of recent literature. The main post-mortem findings are early rigor mortis and an asfictic syndrome. The records of the Forensic Pathology section of the Costa Rican Criminal Bureau only include, since 1990, two deaths caused by strychnine. The victims were women that presentd the mentioned rigor mortis, and the cause was corroborated by the scene of death and the laboratory. The diffculty of obtaining the substance explains the low frequency.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>La estricnina es un alcaloide de origen vegetal, de efecto convulsivante el cual ha sido usado en Costa Rica como plaguicida y rodenticida y también como adulterante de drogas de abuso. Su utilización terapéutica ha sido rechazada. La intoxicación por este tóxico es rara debido al uso actualmente restringido en Costa Rica para la eliminación de perros callejeros por personal de salud. La sintomatología, primordialmente neurológica y cardiorrespiratoria, es de diagnostico clínico y de laboratorio, según esta revisión e la literatura reciente. Los principales hallazgos postmortem son rigidez cadavérica precoz e intensa y síndrome asfíctico. Los registros de la Sección de Patología Forense del Organismo de Investigación Judicial de Costa Rica presentan desde 1990, únicamente dos casos de muerte por intoxicación con estricnina. Se trata de mujeres, que presentaron la rigidez anotada, corroborándose por la escena de muerte y en el laboratorio. La baja frecuencia se debe a la dificultad para conseguir la estricnina.</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>Strychnine</kwd>
<kwd>suicide</kwd>
<kwd>pesticide</kwd>
<kwd>rigor mortis</kwd>
<kwd>Estricnina</kwd>
<kwd>suicidio</kwd>
<kwd>plaguicida</kwd>
<kwd>rigidez cadavérica</kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front>
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<article-title xml:lang="en">Strychnine poisoning: clinical and toxicological observations on a non-fatal case</article-title>
<source>J. Toxicol. Clin. Toxicol</source>
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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id pub-id-type="pid">S1409-001519950002</journal-id>
<journal-title>Medicina Legal de Costa Rica</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title>Med. leg. Costa Rica</abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>1409-0015</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name>Asociación Costarricense de Medicina Forense</publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S1409-00151995000200011</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es">La exhumación y sus aportes ministeriales y judiciales: un caso de radical cambio judicial por exhumación</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Núñez Salas</surname>
<given-names>Aurelio</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="A01">
<institution>,Procuraduría General de Justicia  </institution>
<addr-line>Estado de Aguascalientes </addr-line>
<country>México</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<month>05</month>
<year>1995</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<year>1995</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>11-12</volume>
<fpage>53</fpage>
<lpage>57</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S1409-00151995000200011&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S1409-00151995000200011&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S1409-00151995000200011&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>A case study presented here shows that although the first findings (declarations, cirminalistic reports and forensic chemistry) indicated an atypical suicide, the report of bullet trajectory suggested otherwise. A suspect was then arrested for 60 days, until exhumation proved that the experts had erroneously identified which was the entrance orifice.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Se ilustra un caso práctico cuyas primeras indagatorias (declaraciones, dictámenes de Criminalística y Química Forense) sugerían un suicidio atípico, aunque el informe de trayectoria de la bala indicaba un asesinato. Como resultado, un sospechoso fue detenido 60 días hasta que tras una exhumación se demostró que los expertos habían identificado mal el orificio de entrada.</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>Review</kwd>
<kwd>atypical suicide</kwd>
<kwd>exhumation</kwd>
<kwd>Reseña</kwd>
<kwd>suicidio atípico</kwd>
<kwd>exhumaciones</kwd>
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</article-meta>
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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id pub-id-type="pid">S1409-001519950002</journal-id>
<journal-title>Medicina Legal de Costa Rica</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title>Med. leg. Costa Rica</abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>1409-0015</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name>Asociación Costarricense de Medicina Forense</publisher-name>
</publisher>
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<article-meta>
<article-id>S1409-00151995000200012</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es">Bibliografías sobre medicina forense</article-title>
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<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Mora Ledezma</surname>
<given-names>María de los Ángeles</given-names>
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<institution>,Universidad de Costa Rica Departamento de Medicina Legal </institution>
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<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<year>1995</year>
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<copyright-statement/>
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<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S1409-00151995000200012&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S1409-00151995000200012&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S1409-00151995000200012&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri></article-meta>
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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id pub-id-type="pid">S1409-001519950002</journal-id>
<journal-title>Medicina Legal de Costa Rica</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title>Med. leg. Costa Rica</abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>1409-0015</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name>Asociación Costarricense de Medicina Forense</publisher-name>
</publisher>
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<article-meta>
<article-id>S1409-00151995000200013</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es">Cartas al Director</article-title>
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</front>
</article>
</articles>
