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<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id pub-id-type="pid">S1409-001519990002</journal-id>
<journal-title>Medicina Legal de Costa Rica</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title>Med. leg. Costa Rica</abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>1409-0015</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name>Asociación Costarricense de Medicina Forense</publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S1409-00151999000200001</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es">El Instituto de Medicina Legal de Costa Rica</article-title>
</title-group>
<aff id="A">
<institution>,  </institution>
<addr-line> </addr-line>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<month>09</month>
<year>1999</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<year>1999</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>16</volume>
<fpage>01</fpage>
<lpage>01</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S1409-00151999000200001&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S1409-00151999000200001&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S1409-00151999000200001&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri></article-meta>
</front>
</article>
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id pub-id-type="pid">S1409-001519990002</journal-id>
<journal-title>Medicina Legal de Costa Rica</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title>Med. leg. Costa Rica</abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>1409-0015</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name>Asociación Costarricense de Medicina Forense</publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S1409-00151999000200002</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es">Estudio anatómico del himen y su repercusión en medicina legal</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Latoche Fernández</surname>
<given-names>Exequías</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Latoche Rojas</surname>
<given-names>Conrad</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="A01">
<institution>,Instituto de Medicina Legal División Médicolegal de Trujillo </institution>
<addr-line> </addr-line>
<country>Perú</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<month>09</month>
<year>1999</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<year>1999</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>16</volume>
<fpage>02</fpage>
<lpage>07</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S1409-00151999000200002&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S1409-00151999000200002&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S1409-00151999000200002&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Se estudió las características anatómicas del himen en 403 mujeres que acudieron para un examen ginecológico a la División Médicolegal de Trujillo por presunta violación o violación hasta la edad de 18 años, exceptuándose a aquellas que eran casadas, tenían antecedentes de convivencia previa o estaban embarazadas. Los resultados fueron los siguientes: en cuanto a la forma de himen no desflorado 191 correspondieron al de tipo anular (47,39%), 72 casos al labiado (17,87%), 55 casos al semilunar (13,65%), 34 casos al franjeado (8,44%), 2 casos al de doble membrana (0,49%), y un caso al tabicado (0,25%). Asimismo, se encontró 20 casos de himen con desfloración reciente (4,96%) y 28 casos con desfloración antigua (6,95%) Por la abertura himeneal 136 casos fueron de tamaño pequeño (33,75%), 84 casos medianos (20,84%) y 135 casos grandes (33,50%). De acuerdo a la condición del orificio himeneal 155 casos fueron dilatables (38,46%), 21 casos dilatados (5,22%), 176 casos normales (43,67%) y 3 casos anómalos (0,74%). Con respecto a la repercusión en Medicina Legal, solo podemos asegurar, anatómicamente, que ha existido violación si hay desgarro de membrana himeneal tanto reciente como antigua; asimismo, podemos decir cuando un himen es dilatable o dilatado, siendo estos los más difíciles de valorar ya que no se puede asegurar si hubo o no violación.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>We studied the anatomical characteristic of the hymen in 403 women who resorted for a gynecologist survey in the Legal Medic Division of Trujillo for rape supposed or rape till 18 years old, with the exception of pregnant, married or living together women. The results wereÑ about the hymen shape with non defloration 191 cases belonged to the annular type (47,39%), 72 cases to the labial (17,87%), 55 cases to the semilunar (13,65%), 34 cases to the fringed (8,44%), 2 cases to het double membrane (0,49%) and one case with septum (0,25%). Also we found 20 cases of hymen with recent defloration (4,96%) and 28 cases with ancient defloration (6,95%). For the hymenal aperture 136 cases were of small size (33,75%), 84 cases mediums (20,84%), and 135 cases larges (33,50%). Concerning to the condition of hymenal hole 155 cases were dilatables (38,46%), 21 cases dilated (5,22%), 176 cases normals (43,67%) and 3 cases anomalous (0,74%). Respect to the repercussion in Legal Medicine, only can affirm, anatomically, that have been rape if there is tearing of hymenal membrane recent or ancient; also, we can say when a hymen is dilatable or is dilated, being these the more difficult to value because can not assure if had or not had rape.</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>himen</kwd>
<kwd>violación</kwd>
<kwd>Medicina Legal</kwd>
<kwd>hymen</kwd>
<kwd>rape</kwd>
<kwd>Legal Medicine</kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
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<journal-title>Medicina Legal de Costa Rica</journal-title>
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<institution>,Universidad de Costa Rica Escuela de Medicina </institution>
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<country>Costa Rica</country>
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<aff id="A02">
<institution>,Sección de Patología Forense, O.I.J.  </institution>
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<pub-date pub-type="epub">
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<copyright-statement/>
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<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S1409-00151999000200003&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S1409-00151999000200003&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S1409-00151999000200003&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>El consumo de cocaína en Costa Rica es un problema creciente y muchas de lasmuertes pueden ser causadas por situaciones en las cuales la droga está involucrada. En este estudio todas las autopsias médico legales hechas en 1996 en este país fueron analizadas con el objeto de determinar la mortalidad y por lo tanto el impacto que ella genera en la sociedad costarricense.</p></abstract>
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<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S1409-00151999000200004&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S1409-00151999000200004&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S1409-00151999000200004&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Los huesos antiguos son una buena fuente de ADN, útil en muchos casos para el análisis forense, especialmente cuando el tejido blando está severamente descompuesto o dañado. Existen diferentes métodos para la extracción de ADN a partir de restos óseos, con diferentes eficacias, y que plantean varios problemas técnicos. Se presenta una revisión bibliográfica sobre este tema y se incluyen algunas recomendaciones prácticas.</p></abstract>
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<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S1409-00151999000200005&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S1409-00151999000200005&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S1409-00151999000200005&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>La Psiquiatría como parte de la Medicina, es una ciencia que estudia el comportamiento normal y anormal del individuo, su tarea es realizar el estudio, diagnóstico, tratamiento y prevención de trastornos del comportamiento y patologías mentales, en las que influyen factores genéticos, físicos, químicos, psicológicos y socio ambientales. La participación del médico psiquiatra es objetiva, ejecutando su tarea a través del instrumento básico como es la entrevista psiquiátrica y el examen mental, valiéndose en oportunidades de instrumentos de apoyo como las pruebas psicológicas y otras fuentes de información. La Psiquiatría Forense implica nociones médicolegales psiquiátricas, donde la psiquiatría clínica se transforma en un lenguaje aplicable a un fin común, colaborar en las diferentes áreas jurídicas: penal, civil, familia, laboral, respondiendo a los cuestionamientos de las autoridades judiciales, siendo el médico psiquiatra denominado &quot;perito&quot; y debiendo de emitir un informe escrito en el cual se establece la capacidad mental de la persona evaluada, lo que la autoridad competente podría considerar como un elemento en el proceso, para orientar su conducta jurídica. El perito al emitir su evaluación podría intervenir nuevamente en el proceso al ampliar o adicionar el documento emitido, o su participación activa en el debate; esto a solicitud del despacho. La Psiquiatría Forense implica posibles aplicaciones que involucrn cuidados de la salud en el trabajo hasta Justicia Criminal y Seguridad Pública.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>Psychiatry as a part of medicine is a science that studies the normal and abnormal behavior of a person, its task is study, diagnosis, treatment and prevention of behavior disorders and mental pathologies, in which many other factors have influence, among this exist genetics , physical, chemical, psycologic and socio-envirommental factors. The psychologist role is objective, doing his homework through a basic instrument such as a psychiatric interview, and a mental review, to put on as base the opportunities of using back up instruments like psychologic tests and other sources of information. Forensic Psychiatry implies Psychiatric Medico-Legal knowledge, where clinic psychiatry transforms in a aplicable language with a common goal, to colaborate with in the different legal areas: penal, civil, family, laboral, answering to the questions of the legal authorities, being the psychologist considered the expert. The psychologist has to make a written report in which the mental capacity is established , many people would consider this as an element of the process , to direct its legal conduct. The experts when writing the evaluation might interfere again with the process when he adds up the document , or with his active participation in the debate and this is requested by the dispatch. The use of forensic psychiatry implies posibles aplications that involve health cares in the job until Criminal Justice and Public Safety.</p></abstract>
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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id pub-id-type="pid">S1409-001519990002</journal-id>
<journal-title>Medicina Legal de Costa Rica</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title>Med. leg. Costa Rica</abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>1409-0015</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name>Asociación Costarricense de Medicina Forense</publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S1409-00151999000200006</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es">El seguro contra la responsabilidad civil del médico</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Solano Porras</surname>
<given-names>Julián</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="A01">
<institution>,Unión Médica Nacional Departamento Legal </institution>
<addr-line> </addr-line>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<month>09</month>
<year>1999</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<year>1999</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>16</volume>
<fpage>21</fpage>
<lpage>27</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S1409-00151999000200006&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S1409-00151999000200006&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S1409-00151999000200006&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>El auge del interés por la mala práctica médica comienza en Costa Rica 1984 con un caso de una amputación de un miembro en virtud de un error médico con condenatoria de los médicos implicados. Desde entonces son muchos los médicos que han sido condenados penal y civilmente por mala práctica médica. Se han identificado algunos factores determinantes en estas denuncias: el avance vertiginoso de una medicina que lleva al paciente a no aceptar el fracaso o complicaciones del acto médico, la desaparición de la relación médico paciente, la aparición de médicos incompetentes y abogados inescrupulosos, entre otros. La existencia de los seguros médicos en Costa Rica Rica es bastante reciente habiendo en este momento 25 médicos acogidos al sistema en forma colectiva o individual que &quot; ampara la responsabilidad civil del asegurado que se derive de impericia, negligencia, errores u omisiones profesionales involuntarias cometidas en las prestaciones de los servicios propios de la profesión del asegurado, como médico, durante la vigencia de la póliza&quot;.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>The increase of interest in malpractice in Costa Rica starts around the year 1984 with a case of an amputation of a member in virtue as a fatal mistake, and it ended with the conviction of the doctors involved in the case. Since then there have been a lot of penal and civil convictions of doctors for a malpractice. It has been identify some crucial elements in this kind of law suits: the whirling advance of a medicine that brings the patient to a non acceptance of failure or complications during the medical procedure, the disappering of the doctor-patient relationship, the appereance of incompetent doctors, and by its matter lawyers. The existence of medical insurances in Costa Rica is recent, having at this moment 25 doctors refuge in their system in a colective and individual way, that &quot;protects the civil resposability of the insurance drifted by inexperience, negligence, mistakes or professional omissions from the insurance doctor during the operation of the policy&quot;.</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>mala practica médica</kwd>
<kwd>impericia</kwd>
<kwd>factores</kwd>
<kwd>seguros médicos</kwd>
<kwd>Malpractice</kwd>
<kwd>inexperience</kwd>
<kwd>factors</kwd>
<kwd>medical insurance</kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front>
</article>
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id pub-id-type="pid">S1409-001519990002</journal-id>
<journal-title>Medicina Legal de Costa Rica</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title>Med. leg. Costa Rica</abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>1409-0015</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name>Asociación Costarricense de Medicina Forense</publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S1409-00151999000200007</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es">Mal praxis médica</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Arrieta Quesada</surname>
<given-names>Lilliana</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="A01">
<institution>,Universidad de Costa Rica  </institution>
<addr-line> </addr-line>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<month>09</month>
<year>1999</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<year>1999</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>16</volume>
<fpage>27</fpage>
<lpage>30</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S1409-00151999000200007&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S1409-00151999000200007&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S1409-00151999000200007&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>La mala práctica médica u omisión del deber de cuidado por parte del personal a cargo de atender al paciente, es siempre un tema de actualidad y su figura es merecedora de análisis en la medida en que es causante de consecuencias dañosas e indemnizables. En este artículo la Msc Liliana Arrieta Quesada hace un análisis de los criterios jurisdiccionales que han dado contenido a este concepto y además hace referencia a las normas y principios de indemnización para las víctimas de estos delitos.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>The malpractice or omission to care of the patient in behalf of the staff (doctors and nurses) is a current subject and its figure is worthy of analisis in proportion as this is the cause of harmful and indemnifying consequences. In this article Msc. Liliana Arrieta Quesada states an analisis of juridiccional standarts that have given contained to this concept plus it makes reference to normatives and principals of indemnization to the victims of this crimes.</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>Mala práctica médica</kwd>
<kwd>responsabilidad</kwd>
<kwd>relación médico paciente</kwd>
<kwd>indemnización</kwd>
<kwd>malpractice</kwd>
<kwd>medical responsability</kwd>
<kwd>medical-patient relationship</kwd>
<kwd>indemnization</kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front>
</article>
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id pub-id-type="pid">S1409-001519990002</journal-id>
<journal-title>Medicina Legal de Costa Rica</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title>Med. leg. Costa Rica</abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>1409-0015</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name>Asociación Costarricense de Medicina Forense</publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S1409-00151999000200008</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es">Participación de la licenciada Ifigenia Bustamante, mesa redonda sobre malpraxis</article-title>
</title-group>
<aff id="A">
<institution>,  </institution>
<addr-line> </addr-line>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<month>09</month>
<year>1999</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<year>1999</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>16</volume>
<fpage>30</fpage>
<lpage>33</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S1409-00151999000200008&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S1409-00151999000200008&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S1409-00151999000200008&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri></article-meta>
</front>
</article>
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id pub-id-type="pid">S1409-001519990002</journal-id>
<journal-title>Medicina Legal de Costa Rica</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title>Med. leg. Costa Rica</abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>1409-0015</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name>Asociación Costarricense de Medicina Forense</publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S1409-00151999000200009</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es">El conflicto ético en las pericias médico legales</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Salazar Murillo</surname>
<given-names>Ronald</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="A01">
<institution>,Ciencias Penales  </institution>
<addr-line> </addr-line>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<month>09</month>
<year>1999</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<year>1999</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>16</volume>
<fpage>33</fpage>
<lpage>44</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S1409-00151999000200009&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S1409-00151999000200009&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S1409-00151999000200009&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>El artículo 88 del nuevo Código Procesal Penal (1998) dispone que en la investigación de delitos, el acusado puede ser sometido a una serie de pruebas, aún sin el consentimiento del examinado y le corresponde realizarlas a los especialistas en Medicina Legal del Organismo de Investigación Judicial. El problema que se plantea es determinar si las intervenciones corporales al imputado, víctimas o terceros en el proceso penal por parte de los peritos médico legales constituyen una violación a los derechos fundamentales, a la luz de las disposiciones procesales y constitucionales y si esas intervenciones forzadas, a pesar de estar autorizadas continúan violando el deber ético del perito. El principio general que se examina es el derecho del imputado a abstenerse de declarar, lo que se ha interpretado en forma amplia como el derecho del imputado de no aportar ninguna prueba en su contra. El no permitir las intervenciones corporales sería en tal caso extensión de ese derecho. El Código Internacional de Etica Médica destaca entre los deberes generales, el de no intervenir física o moralmente para vencer la resistencia del ser humano. En el proceso penal la persona puede ser estringida de su libertad, puede ser sometida a cierto tipo de intervenciones corporales, siempre y cuando las mismas no atenten en forma grosera contra sus dereechos fundamentales, a la integridad y dignidad. Solo puede negarse el perito a practicar alguna prueba cuando la misma va en contra de sus creencias o se pone en peligro la vida del imputado.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>The article number 88, of the 1998’s Penal Proccess Code states that in a crime investigation, the acused can be summited to a series of test, even without the consentment of the person involved, and it is up to the specialist of the Medico-Legal Investigation Organism to do the test. The problem stated is the possibility to determine if the corporal intervention of the defendant, victim or third person in the legal process by the medico-legal experts constitute a violation of the fundamental rights, due to the process and constitutional dispositions, and if this forced interventions, despite of being autorized, continue to violate the ethical duty of the expert. The main principle is that is being examined is the right of the defendant to abstain to testify, which has been openly interpreted as the defendant's right of not giving any proof against him. By not allowing the use of corporal interventions , this right is being entended. The International Code of Medical Ethics ilustrates among the general duties, the duty of not interfiering physically or moraly to overcome the human being's resistance in the legal process. A man can be prohibited of his freedom, and can be put to a certain type of corporal interventions as long as they don't attempt in a rude way against his fundamental rights , integrity and dignity. A doctor can decide whether he/she wants to realize the tests. The doctor may refuse by different causes amog them if it is againts his/her beliefs or if it endangers the life of the defendant.</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>Etica médica</kwd>
<kwd>pruebas</kwd>
<kwd>imputado</kwd>
<kwd>Códigos</kwd>
<kwd>Constituición</kwd>
<kwd>pericia</kwd>
<kwd>Derechos Humanos</kwd>
<kwd>consentimiento informado</kwd>
<kwd>Medical Ethic</kwd>
<kwd>defendant</kwd>
<kwd>codes</kwd>
<kwd>constitution</kwd>
<kwd>expertize</kwd>
<kwd>human rights</kwd>
<kwd>informed consentment</kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front>
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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id pub-id-type="pid">S1409-001519990002</journal-id>
<journal-title>Medicina Legal de Costa Rica</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title>Med. leg. Costa Rica</abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>1409-0015</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name>Asociación Costarricense de Medicina Forense</publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S1409-00151999000200010</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es">El delito de incendio y su investigación policial en Costa Rica</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Burgos M</surname>
<given-names>Alvaro A</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="A01">
<institution>,Especialista en Ciencias Penales  </institution>
<addr-line> </addr-line>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<month>09</month>
<year>1999</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<year>1999</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>16</volume>
<fpage>44</fpage>
<lpage>47</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S1409-00151999000200010&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S1409-00151999000200010&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S1409-00151999000200010&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Se describen aspectos generales sobre el procedimiento de investigación en un supuesto incendio provocado en Costa Rica, sus antecedentes, normativa penal y la corrdinación existente entre los funcionarios del Instituo Nacional de Seguros y del Organismo de Investigación Judicial en materia relacionada con este delito.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>It describes general aspects about the procedure of investigation in a suppose induced fire in Costa Rica, its antecedents, penal normative and the existent coordination between the employees of the National Institute of Insurance (INS) and the Judicial Investigation Bureau (OIJ) in realted matters with this felony.</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>Incendio provocado</kwd>
<kwd>Normativa</kwd>
<kwd>Investigación Criminal</kwd>
<kwd>Seguros</kwd>
<kwd>induse fire</kwd>
<kwd>normative</kwd>
<kwd>criminal onvestigation</kwd>
<kwd>insurance</kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front>
<back>
<ref-list>
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<article-title xml:lang="es">Entrevistas realizadas al Jefe del Departamento. de Ingeniería de Bomberos del I.N.S., Héctor Chaves León y a los Investigadores Alvaro Sánchez Campos y José Luis Guido del mismo Departamento., al igual que a diversos funcionarios del Departamento de Seguros Patrimoniales del I.N.</article-title>
<source>Entrevistas realizadas al Jefe del Departamento. de Ingeniería de Bomberos del I.N.S., Héctor Chaves León y a los Investigadores Alvaro Sánchez Campos y José Luis Guido del mismo Departamento., al igual que a diversos funcionarios del Departamento de Seguros Patrimoniales del I.N.</source>
<year></year>
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<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id pub-id-type="pid">S1409-001519990002</journal-id>
<journal-title>Medicina Legal de Costa Rica</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title>Med. leg. Costa Rica</abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>1409-0015</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name>Asociación Costarricense de Medicina Forense</publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S1409-00151999000200011</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es">El secreto médico: apuntes sobre el secreto profesional del médico forense en Costa Rica</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Rodríguez Campos</surname>
<given-names>Alexander</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="A01">
<institution>,Corte Suprema de Justicia  </institution>
<addr-line> </addr-line>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<month>09</month>
<year>1999</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<year>1999</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>16</volume>
<fpage>47</fpage>
<lpage>52</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S1409-00151999000200011&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S1409-00151999000200011&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S1409-00151999000200011&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>La determinación de lo que puede reputarse como secreto no puede depender exclusivamente de la revelación del confidente sino que es un dato objetivo derivado de la misma pericia, donde se establezca que todo lo que exceda del objeto peritaje deberá mantenerse en secreto por irrelevante que parezca. Lo que es secreto es el conocimiento adquirirdo, no importa de qué forma, si por revelación del sujeto o por descubrimiento intencional o accidental. El divulgar información profesional que puede causar daño de cualquier tipo: físico, patrimonial, móvil, etc., es delito aún cuando ocurriere otro daño distinto al previsto (dolo eventual). En la pericia sólo se debe consignar lo que se peticione.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>The top secrets can not only be determined by the revelation of the confident but also with the objective fact of the expert itself, where it is established that everything exceding the expertize object should be kept in secret even thought its irrelevant. A secret is the acquired knowledge , not minding in what way , if it was revealed by the subject or if it was the result of an accidental or intentional discovery. To publish professional information that can cause any kind of harm or damage to the person, physically, movil, inheritance, etc. ti is a felony even if the kind of damage is different from the previous ones. In medical expertize it should only be designated what is requested for.</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>Secreto</kwd>
<kwd>revelación</kwd>
<kwd>dictámenes</kwd>
<kwd>médico</kwd>
<kwd>dolor</kwd>
<kwd>información</kwd>
<kwd>pericia perseguible</kwd>
<kwd>secret</kwd>
<kwd>revelation</kwd>
<kwd>doctor</kwd>
<kwd>pain</kwd>
<kwd>information</kwd>
<kwd>pursuable</kwd>
<kwd>expertize</kwd>
<kwd>requested</kwd>
<kwd>judgement</kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front>
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<source>La responsabilidad profesional del medico</source>
<year>1944</year>
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<given-names>Juan Marcos</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es">Comentarios al Código Penal (Análisis de la tutela de los valores de la Personalidad)</article-title>
<source>Comentarios al Código Penal (Análisis de la tutela de los valores de la Personalidad)</source>
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<given-names>Victor</given-names>
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</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es">El secreto en la prueba de testigos en el proceso penal</article-title>
<source>El secreto en la prueba de testigos en el proceso penal</source>
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<publisher-loc>Madrid,1980 </publisher-loc>
<publisher-name>Editorial Montecorvo</publisher-name>
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<given-names>José</given-names>
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<article-title xml:lang="es">El secreto profesional como objeto de protección penal</article-title>
<source>El secreto profesional como objeto de protección penal</source>
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<month></month>
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<surname>UGALDE LOBO</surname>
<given-names>Juan Gerardo</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>VALERIO MONGE</surname>
<given-names>Carlos José</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es">El derecho del paciente al uso correcto del expediente clínico</article-title>
<source>Revista latinoamericana de Derecho Médico y Medicina Legal</source>
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<given-names>Eduardo</given-names>
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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id pub-id-type="pid">S1409-001519990002</journal-id>
<journal-title>Medicina Legal de Costa Rica</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title>Med. leg. Costa Rica</abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>1409-0015</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name>Asociación Costarricense de Medicina Forense</publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S1409-00151999000200012</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es">La pericia médica: ( noción y contenido)</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Rojas Araya</surname>
<given-names>Juan Diego</given-names>
</name>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="A01">
<institution>,Consejo Superior del Poder Judicial  </institution>
<addr-line> </addr-line>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<month>09</month>
<year>1999</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<year>1999</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>16</volume>
<fpage>52</fpage>
<lpage>58</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S1409-00151999000200012&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S1409-00151999000200012&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S1409-00151999000200012&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Se expone la importancia del perito en el medio judicial, siendo éste un auxiliar del Juez para el esclarecimiento y reconocimiento de una fuente de prueba. Cita los requisitos con que debe contar dicho perito y sus responsabilidades. De faltar a estas responsabilidades el perito puede ser reprimido con prisión o con días multa. Se mencionan además los problemas de aplicación e interpretación del art{iculo 216 CCP sobre el inicio de las operaciones periciales y de los asrtículos de la Ley Orgánica del O.I.J. 39 y 55.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>It is expose the importance of the expert in the justice, being its function as an auxiliar of the judge for the explanation and recognition of a source. Cites the requirements that an expert should have and its resposabilities. If an expert lacks to follow its resposabilities he or she should be punished with jail or fine. In this magazine it is also mention the application problems and the interpretation of the Article 216 C.C.P. about the beggining of expertice operations and the articles of the &quot;Ley Organica&quot; of the OIJ 39 (about the legalization by signing of the chief in department) and 55 (the chiefs of seccion are considered expert oficials of the tribunals).</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>Pericia médica</kwd>
<kwd>perito</kwd>
<kwd>prueba</kwd>
<kwd>peritación</kwd>
<kwd>prisión</kwd>
<kwd>Ley Orgánica del O.I.J</kwd>
<kwd>Código Procesal Penal</kwd>
<kwd>medical expertice</kwd>
<kwd>expert</kwd>
<kwd>proof,jail</kwd>
<kwd>penal code</kwd>
<kwd>O.I.J.’s Law</kwd>
<kwd>article 216 C.C.P</kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front>
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<source>CÓDIGO CIVIL</source>
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<month></month>
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<publisher-loc>San José </publisher-loc>
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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id pub-id-type="pid">S1409-001519990002</journal-id>
<journal-title>Medicina Legal de Costa Rica</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title>Med. leg. Costa Rica</abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>1409-0015</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name>Asociación Costarricense de Medicina Forense</publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S1409-00151999000200013</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es">Características de privados de libertad por causa penal evadidos de un centro de confianza en Costa Rica: Centro San Agustín, 1997</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Sáenz Rojas</surname>
<given-names>Mario Alberto</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="A01">
<institution>,Ministerio de Justicia y Gracia Dirección Nacional de Prevención de la Violencia y el Delito </institution>
<addr-line>Tibás </addr-line>
<country>Costa Rica</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<month>09</month>
<year>1999</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<year>1999</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>16</volume>
<fpage>58</fpage>
<lpage>64</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S1409-00151999000200013&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S1409-00151999000200013&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S1409-00151999000200013&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Se realiza un análisis de variables sociodemográficas y criminológicas de casos de evasión presentados en el Centro Semi-Institucional San Agustín durante el año 1997. Se destaca el hecho de que una proporción significativa de quienes quebrantaron la ejecución de la pena privativa de libertad descontaban sentencias por delitos contra la propiedad. Asimismo, sobresale que una amplia mayoría del total de personas evadidas presentaban historial de consumo problemático de alguna droga y consumo múltiple de éstas. Según los datos, no se puede establecer una relación unicausal entre las evasiones y el abuso de drogas, por el contrario se visualizan ambos comportamientos como manifestaciones de una misma situación deteriorante en el nivel psicosocial.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>Is realized an analysis of sociodemographic and criminological variables about escape events happened in the San Agustín Semi-Institutional Center during 1997. Is detached the fact that one significative dimension of who violated the execution of the private grief, was discounting judgements of property crimes. Also, stand out that a large majority of the total of escape people presented a record about problematic comsuption of some drug and, besides, multiple drugs comsuption. According the facts is finished that it can’t be founded a singular cause relation between the escape and the drugs abuse, by the opposite, both behaviors are look like manifestations about some damage situation in the psychosocial level.</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>Evasiones</kwd>
<kwd>Régimen de confianza</kwd>
<kwd>Abuso de drogas</kwd>
<kwd>Privados de libertad</kwd>
<kwd>Sistema Penitenciario</kwd>
<kwd>Costa Rica</kwd>
<kwd>Escapes</kwd>
<kwd>Trust regime</kwd>
<kwd>Drugs abuse</kwd>
<kwd>Prisoners</kwd>
<kwd>Prison System</kwd>
<kwd>Costa Rica</kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front>
<back>
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</name>
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<surname>Carvajal Morera</surname>
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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id pub-id-type="pid">S1409-001519990002</journal-id>
<journal-title>Medicina Legal de Costa Rica</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title>Med. leg. Costa Rica</abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>1409-0015</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name>Asociación Costarricense de Medicina Forense</publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S1409-00151999000200014</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es">La pericia medico-legal en materia penal juvenil</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Salazar Murillo</surname>
<given-names>Ronald</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="A01">
<institution>,Ciencias Penales  </institution>
<addr-line> </addr-line>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<month>09</month>
<year>1999</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<year>1999</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>16</volume>
<fpage>64</fpage>
<lpage>71</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S1409-00151999000200014&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S1409-00151999000200014&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S1409-00151999000200014&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>La reforma recién ocurrida en materia penal juvenil en Costa Rica reconoce al menor su personalidad jur{idica, le hace justicia, le otorga responsabilidad por sus acciones, para lo cual se ha diseñado un Sistema Penal Juvenil de fin pedagógico, educativo y formativo delmenor infractor y por ello puede ser objeto de peritación médicolegal, pericias físicas sobre su cuerpo y exámenes psicosociales. Interesa en la pericia f{isica establecer laedad del menor, especialmente en un país de alta inmigración indocumentada comoel nuestro donde diferencias de tan solo un mes pueden producir la aplicación o no de la Ley. Toda pericia debe respeta el pudor, evitar la revictimización y ser realizada por peritos forenses deseablemente. Es de interés también la constatación de la capacidad de culpabilidad, el grado de desarrollo y responsabiliadad de dirigir sus acciones e ilustrar al Juez y a las partes aacerca de las eventuales sanciones a imponer.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>The new reformation made in the Costa Rican Juvenile Law recognizes the legal personality of the minor, it makes him justice and gives him more responsability for his actions .For all these it has been design a Juvenile Law System with pedagogic, educative and formative ends for the minor transgressor , therefore it can be the object of medico-legal expertize, physical aspects like his body, his tests and psicoanalisis. The porpouse of physical expertize is to establish the age of the minor specially in a high undocumented migration country like ours, where differences of only a months can produce the aplication or not of the law. All the expertizes must respect the dignity, avoid the victimazation once again and be done by forensic experts by their own will. It is also important in medico-legal expertize the constation of capacity of guiltiness, the degree of development and responsability to direct their actions , and ilustrate to the judge and the parties, about the eventuals sanctions to impone.</p></abstract>
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<kwd>niñez</kwd>
<kwd>justicia</kwd>
<kwd>pericia</kwd>
<kwd>médico forense</kwd>
<kwd>culpabilidad</kwd>
<kwd>sanciones</kwd>
<kwd>manipulación</kwd>
<kwd>credibilidad</kwd>
<kwd>prohibición</kwd>
<kwd>exploración</kwd>
<kwd>transgressor</kwd>
<kwd>childhood</kwd>
<kwd>expertize</kwd>
<kwd>coronary</kwd>
<kwd>guiltiness</kwd>
<kwd>sanctions</kwd>
<kwd>manipulation</kwd>
<kwd>credibility</kwd>
<kwd>prohibition</kwd>
<kwd>exploration</kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
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