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<articles>
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id pub-id-type="pid">S1409-001520060001</journal-id>
<journal-title>Medicina Legal de Costa Rica</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title>Med. leg. Costa Rica</abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>1409-0015</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name>Asociación Costarricense de Medicina Forense</publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S1409-00152006000100001</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es">El perito médico legal</article-title>
</title-group>
<aff id="A">
<institution>,  </institution>
<addr-line> </addr-line>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<month>03</month>
<year>2006</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<year>2006</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>23</volume>
<fpage>3</fpage>
<lpage>4</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S1409-00152006000100001&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S1409-00152006000100001&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S1409-00152006000100001&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri></article-meta>
</front>
</article>
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id pub-id-type="pid">S1409-001520060001</journal-id>
<journal-title>Medicina Legal de Costa Rica</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title>Med. leg. Costa Rica</abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>1409-0015</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name>Asociación Costarricense de Medicina Forense</publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S1409-00152006000100002</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es">A propósito de la etica en opiniones expertas y dictamenes psicologicos y psiquiatricos en casos sospecha de abuso sexual infantil: ¿al mejor postor?</article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="en">About ethics in expert opinions and psychological and psychiatric reports in cases of suspicion of sexual abuse of a minor: to the highest bid?</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Rojas Breedy</surname>
<given-names>Ana Lorena</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="A01">
<institution>,Clínica Santa Ana  </institution>
<addr-line> </addr-line>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<month>03</month>
<year>2006</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<year>2006</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>23</volume>
<fpage>5</fpage>
<lpage>15</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S1409-00152006000100002&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S1409-00152006000100002&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S1409-00152006000100002&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>This essay brings to attention the role of the expert witness and the private technical consultant in the fields of Psychological and Psychiatric Expertise, in which the expert witness can be a useful educator to the Tribune, giving a background of the existing body of knowledge of the nature of sexual abuse of a minor, common reactions of victims, patterns of revelation, the child’s memory and suggestibility, and they can help to objectively evaluate the credibility in particular cases. Nevertheless, very easily can the expert witness make his or her points of view match those of the part who has hired him or her. Therefore, the status of the expert becomes that of a witness whose purpose is victory of one of the parts, even at the expense of the consideration of all the scientific and professional data existent that could turn out into the process of revictimizing through the judicial system, which is why an ethical and social commitment is needed towards children and adolescents.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Este ensayo hace una serie de reflexiones importantes acerca del papel del testigo experto y del consultor técnico privado en el campo de la Psicología y Psiquiatría Pericial, donde el testigo experto puede ser un útil educador del Tribunal, dando un marco del cuerpo de conocimientos existente acerca de la naturaleza del abuso sexual infantil, reacciones comunes de las víctimas, patrones de revelación, memoria y sugestibilidad de los niños, y pueden ayudar a evaluar objetivamente la credibilidad de casos particulares. Sin embargo, con mucha facilidad el testigo experto puede hacer que sus puntos de vista correspondan a los intereses de la parte que los contrata. Entonces el estatus del experto se convierte en el de un testigo cuyo fin es lograr la victoria de una de las partes, aún al costo de la consideración de todos los datos científicos y profesionales existentes lo que puede devenir en el proceso de revictimización a través del sistema judicial por lo que debe insistirse en la necesidad de un compromiso ético y social con la infancia y adolescencia:</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>Expert witness</kwd>
<kwd>technical consultant</kwd>
<kwd>Psychological and Psychiatric Expertise</kwd>
<kwd>educator</kwd>
<kwd>Tribune</kwd>
<kwd>body of knowledge</kwd>
<kwd>sexual abuse of a minor</kwd>
<kwd>patterns of revelation</kwd>
<kwd>suggestibility</kwd>
<kwd>credibility</kwd>
<kwd>revictimizing</kwd>
<kwd>childhood</kwd>
<kwd>Testigo experto</kwd>
<kwd>consultor técnico</kwd>
<kwd>Psicología y Psiquiatría Pericial</kwd>
<kwd>educador</kwd>
<kwd>Tribunal</kwd>
<kwd>cuerpo de conocimientos</kwd>
<kwd>abuso sexual infantil</kwd>
<kwd>patrones de revelación</kwd>
<kwd>sugestibilidad</kwd>
<kwd>credibilidad</kwd>
<kwd>revictimización</kwd>
<kwd>niñez</kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front>
<back>
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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id pub-id-type="pid">S1409-001520060001</journal-id>
<journal-title>Medicina Legal de Costa Rica</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title>Med. leg. Costa Rica</abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>1409-0015</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name>Asociación Costarricense de Medicina Forense</publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S1409-00152006000100003</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es">La interrupcion voluntaria e informada del embarazo</article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="en">Voluntary and informed interruption of pregnancy</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Madden Arias</surname>
<given-names>Rose Mary</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="A01">
<institution>,Abogada feminista y notaria pública  </institution>
<addr-line> </addr-line>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<month>03</month>
<year>2006</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<year>2006</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>23</volume>
<fpage>17</fpage>
<lpage>32</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S1409-00152006000100003&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S1409-00152006000100003&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S1409-00152006000100003&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>This article analyses the voluntary interruption of pregnancy from the feminist, along with a legal, point of view, parting from the fact that one of the forms of violence against women, and particularly, against their reproductive rights, is the legal, cultural, social, or religious impossibilities to decide informed and voluntarily the interruption of pregnancy. This way, the article studies the regulations imposed by the Penal Code regarding abortion and how they are forms of violence against women.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Este artículo trata la interrupción voluntaria del embarazo desde la perspectiva feminista, y con un enfoque legal, y parte del hecho que una de las formas de violencia contra las mujeres, y en particular, del ejercicio pleno de sus derechos reproductivos, es la imposibilidad legal, cultural, social o religiosa de decidir voluntaria e informada la interrupción del embarazo. Así, el artículo analiza la normativa recogida en el Código Penal sobre el aborto y cómo estos tipos penales son formas de violencia contra las mujeres.</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>Voluntary abortion</kwd>
<kwd>immediate animation</kwd>
<kwd>soul</kwd>
<kwd>Christianism</kwd>
<kwd>patriarchal power</kwd>
<kwd>women’s bodies</kwd>
<kwd>intentional abortion</kwd>
<kwd>honoris causa abortion</kwd>
<kwd>unpunished abortion</kwd>
<kwd>voluntary interruption</kwd>
<kwd>violence against women</kwd>
<kwd>Aborto voluntario</kwd>
<kwd>animación inmediata</kwd>
<kwd>alma</kwd>
<kwd>cristianismo</kwd>
<kwd>poder patriarcal</kwd>
<kwd>cuerpo de las mujeres</kwd>
<kwd>aborto procurado</kwd>
<kwd>aborto honoris causa</kwd>
<kwd>aborto impune</kwd>
<kwd>interrupción voluntaria</kwd>
<kwd>embarazo</kwd>
<kwd>violencia contra mujeres</kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front>
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<given-names>Victoria</given-names>
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<article-title xml:lang="es">Diccionario Ideológico Feminista</article-title>
<source>Diccionario Ideológico Feminista</source>
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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id pub-id-type="pid">S1409-001520060001</journal-id>
<journal-title>Medicina Legal de Costa Rica</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title>Med. leg. Costa Rica</abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>1409-0015</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name>Asociación Costarricense de Medicina Forense</publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S1409-00152006000100004</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es">Las medidas de seguridad en materia penal juvenil</article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="en">Security measures in juvenile criminal law</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Campos Zuñiga</surname>
<given-names>Mayra</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Vargas Rojas</surname>
<given-names>Omar</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A02"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="A01">
<institution>,Poder Judicial de Costa Rica  </institution>
<addr-line> </addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="A02">
<institution>,Poder Judicial de Costa Rica  </institution>
<addr-line> </addr-line>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<month>03</month>
<year>2006</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<year>2006</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>23</volume>
<fpage>33</fpage>
<lpage>50</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S1409-00152006000100004&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S1409-00152006000100004&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S1409-00152006000100004&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>Currently, there has been an arduous discussion about penalties in juvenile criminal law, topic which becomes especially relevant when we are faced to criminal conducts from people who are underage, in which their condition of not guilty or drug addict has been determined from the conclusions of respective expertise. The question leads up to two possible solutions: first, face it like a health problem and exclude it from criminal law; second, keep the traditional line, in which the criminal law can punish the criminal conduct, imposing a security measure. If we admit the first solution, the laws applicable are the Code of Childhood and Adolescence, contemplating the possibility of applying protection measures towards those who are in a vulnerable situation, in which we would put the cases of the not guilty and the drug addicts; this would imply admitting &quot;security or protection&quot; measures with a juridical nature of administrative sort. Position that would imply not only a weakening of rights, but would also violate what the Constitutional Chamber has said, when studying the scope of Article 39 of the Political Constitution, that the imposition of punishments and security measures have the guarantee of law reserve, which makes its nature jurisdictional and exclusive to when a crime is committed. The only possible solution, in order to respect this law reserve, is to apply, according to Article 9 of the Law of Juvenile Criminal Justice, the legislation applicable to adults and to admit the imposition of security measures in juvenile criminal justice.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>En la actualidad existe una ardua discusión sobre las sanciones dentro del derecho penal juvenil, tema que cobra especial relevancia cuando nos enfrentamos a conductas delictivas cometidas por personas menores de edad en las cuales se ha determinado su condición de inimputables o toxicómanos a partir de las conclusiones de las pericias respectivas. El cuestionamiento nos lleva a dos posibles soluciones: una darle un abordaje como un problema de salud y excluirlo del derecho penal y otra, mantener la línea tradicional, en la cual se faculta al derecho penal sancionar la conducta delictiva, imponiendo una medida de seguridad. Si se admite la primera posición, la normativa aplicable lo constituye el Código de la Niñez y la Adolescencia, el cual contempla la posibilidad de imponer medidas de protección para quienes están en una situación de vulnerabilidad, dentro de las que se ubican los casos de inimputables y toxicómanos, esto implica admitir medidas de &quot;seguridad o protección&quot; con una naturaleza jurídica de carácter administrativo. Posición que implicaría no sólo una vulneración de derechos sino que contraviene lo señalado por Sala Constitucional, la cual al desarrollar el alcance del artículo 39 de la Constitución Política, ha señalado que la imposición de las sanciones y por ende de las medidas de seguridad gozan de la garantía de la reserva de ley, destacando su naturaleza jurisdiccional y exclusivamente ante la comisión de delitos. La única solución posible en aras del respeto de esta reserva legal, es aplicar, conforme al artículo 9 de la Ley de Justicia Penal Juvenil la legislación penal de adultos y admitir la imposición de medidas de seguridad en la justicia penal juvenil.</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>Security</kwd>
<kwd>penalties</kwd>
<kwd>measures</kwd>
<kwd>juvenile criminal law</kwd>
<kwd>not guilty</kwd>
<kwd>drug addict</kwd>
<kwd>weakening of rights</kwd>
<kwd>Seguridad</kwd>
<kwd>sanciones</kwd>
<kwd>medidas</kwd>
<kwd>ley penal juvenil</kwd>
<kwd>inocente</kwd>
<kwd>drogadicto</kwd>
<kwd>vulneración de derechos</kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front>
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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id pub-id-type="pid">S1409-001520060001</journal-id>
<journal-title>Medicina Legal de Costa Rica</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title>Med. leg. Costa Rica</abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>1409-0015</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name>Asociación Costarricense de Medicina Forense</publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S1409-00152006000100005</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es">Trastornos y desajustes psicológicos asociados a la violencia delictiva: Un estudio con mujeres costarricenses privadas de libertad</article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="en">Psychological disorders and disturbances related to criminal violence: A study with Costa Rican female offenders</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Saborío Valverde</surname>
<given-names>M.Sc. Carlos</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Gamboa Ramírez</surname>
<given-names>M.A. Jessica</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A02"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="A01">
<institution>,Poder Judicial de Costa Rica  </institution>
<addr-line> </addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="A02">
<institution>,Poder Judicial de Costa Rica  </institution>
<addr-line> </addr-line>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<month>03</month>
<year>2006</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<year>2006</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>23</volume>
<fpage>51</fpage>
<lpage>74</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S1409-00152006000100005&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S1409-00152006000100005&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S1409-00152006000100005&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>the purpose of this study was to explore the relationship between psychological disorders and disturbances with criminal violence in a sample of Costa Rican female offenders. This investigation intended to provide some empirical and conceptual support to the field of forensic psychological assessment given that there is not enough research in our country concerning this specialized area. The sample was comprised of 60 female incarcerated offenders located at the correctional center &quot;El Buen Pastor&quot;, who were classified according to their criminal history as violent and nonviolent offenders. PCL-R and MMPI-2 were used among other instruments. These instruments showed good reliability coefficients with this sample of female offenders. On the other hand, PLC-R results made it possible to know the prevalence of psychopathy in this sample as well as the fact that no significant differences existed between violent and nonviolent female offenders related to this personality disorder. Likewise, this study allowed to find out that offender with violent criminal history manifested a better level of psychological and social adjustment than those offenders with no violent criminal history. Finally, it was observed that instrumental violent offenders showed a pattern of psychological features less functional than reactive/hostile violent offenders.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>El propósito de la presente investigación fue explorar la asociación entre trastornos y desajustes psicológicos con la violencia desplegada por mujeres privadas de libertad durante la comisión de los hechos delictivos por los cuales se encuentran sentenciadas. Con este estudio se espera realizar un aporte empírico y conceptual al campo de la evaluación psicológica forense en el país, dado que a la fecha no se ha realizado suficiente investigación en esta área especializada. La muestra la constituyó un grupo de 60 mujeres privadas de libertad sentenciadas y ubicadas en el Centro de Atención Institucional El Buen Pastor, quienes para efectos de esta investigación fueron clasificadas según su historia delictiva con tendencia violenta o no violenta. Como parte de los procedimientos para la recolección de datos se aplicaron, entre otros instrumentos, el Inventario Multifásico de Personalidad de Minessota-2 (MMPI-2) y la Lista de Chequeo de la Psicopatía- Revisada (PCL-R) de Robert Hare, los cuales mostraron índices de confiabilidad satisfactorios con esta población. En relación con los resultados ofrecidos por el PCL-R se hizo posible conocer con mayor certeza la prevalencia del trastorno de psicopatía en la muestra estudiada, así como el hecho de que no se detectarán diferencias significativas en la manifestación de este trastorno en ofensoras violentas y no violentas. Además, se pudo establecer que las ofensoras con una historia delictiva con tendencia violenta presentaron un mejor grado de ajuste emocional y social que aquellas privadas de libertad con una carrera criminal en la cual predominaban las ofensas no violentas. No obstante, al diferenciar el tipo de violencia empleada por las mujeres evaluadas, se notó en las ofensoras instrumentalmente violentas un patrón de características psicológicas menos adaptativas en comparación con las ofensoras reactivas/hostiles.</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>Woman</kwd>
<kwd>violence</kwd>
<kwd>crime</kwd>
<kwd>psychopathy</kwd>
<kwd>psychological disorders</kwd>
<kwd>PCL-R</kwd>
<kwd>MMPI-2</kwd>
<kwd>instrumental violence</kwd>
<kwd>affective violence</kwd>
<kwd>Mujer</kwd>
<kwd>violencia</kwd>
<kwd>delito</kwd>
<kwd>psicopatía</kwd>
<kwd>trastornos psicológicos</kwd>
<kwd>PCL-R</kwd>
<kwd>MMPI-2</kwd>
<kwd>violencia instrumental</kwd>
<kwd>violencia afectiva</kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front>
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<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id pub-id-type="pid">S1409-001520060001</journal-id>
<journal-title>Medicina Legal de Costa Rica</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title>Med. leg. Costa Rica</abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>1409-0015</issn>
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<publisher-name>Asociación Costarricense de Medicina Forense</publisher-name>
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<article-id>S1409-00152006000100006</article-id>
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<article-title xml:lang="es">Responsabilidad de la gerencia de salud en la seguridad y atención de los pacientes: el caso del incendio en el Hospital Calderón Guardia</article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="en">Responsibility of the health management in the security and attention of patients: the case of the fire at Calderon Guardia Hospital</article-title>
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<contrib-group>
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<name>
<surname>Acevedo Castellón</surname>
<given-names>Roger</given-names>
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<name>
<surname>Cortés Barquero</surname>
<given-names>Jorge</given-names>
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<name>
<surname>Gamboa Arend</surname>
<given-names>Roberto</given-names>
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<name>
<surname>Ramos Castro</surname>
<given-names>Paula</given-names>
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<name>
<surname>Rodríguez Muñoz</surname>
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<name>
<surname>Flores Sandí</surname>
<given-names>Grettchen</given-names>
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<aff id="A01">
<institution>,Universidad de Costa Rica  </institution>
<addr-line> </addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="A02">
<institution>,Departamento de Medicina Legal de Costa Rica  </institution>
<addr-line> </addr-line>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<month>03</month>
<year>2006</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<year>2006</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>23</volume>
<fpage>75</fpage>
<lpage>90</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S1409-00152006000100006&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S1409-00152006000100006&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S1409-00152006000100006&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>On July 12th, 2005, the fire that struck at the Calderon Guardia Hospital, presented difficulties of evacuation of patients and the prompt attention of the fire due to a lack of security measures such as emergency ladders and working hoses; furthermore, the flames were induced, not accidental. In Costa Rica, there is a regulation, since January 2005, which indicates security measures necessary is case of a fire; although it’s considered by some to be very strict. The other Hospitals of Caja Costarricense del Seguro Social, with the exception of Hospital Nacional de Niños, do not count with the majority of security conditions required in case of a fire. The responsibilities of the Caja Costarricense del Seguro Social and the direction of each hospital to watch over the security of their patients y the quality of their attention, are analyzed. It is their obligation to guarantee the health of their patients.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>El día 12 de julio de 2005 se presentó un incendio en el Hospital Calderón Guardia con dificultad para la evacuación de los pacientes y la pronta atención del incendio debido a la falta de medidas de seguridad, tan básicas como escaleras de emergencia y mangueras funcionantes; además, el incendio fue provocado y no accidental. En Costa Rica existe desde enero de 2005 un reglamento que establece las medidas de seguridad necesarias en el caso de un incendio; aunque ha sido considerado por algunas personas como demasiado estricto. Los otros hospitales de la Caja Costarricense del Seguro Social, con la excepción del Hospital Nacional de Niños, no reúnen la mayoría de condiciones de seguridad en caso de un incendio. Se analiza que es responsabilidad de la Caja Costarricense del Seguro Social y de la dirección de cada hospital velar por la seguridad de sus pacientes y la calidad de su atención. Es su obligación ser garantes de la salud de sus usuarios.</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>Security and attention of the patients</kwd>
<kwd>Hospital fire</kwd>
<kwd>responsibility</kwd>
<kwd>Seguridad y Atención de los pacientes</kwd>
<kwd>Incendio Hospital</kwd>
<kwd>Responsabilidad</kwd>
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<front>
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<journal-id pub-id-type="pid">S1409-001520060001</journal-id>
<journal-title>Medicina Legal de Costa Rica</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title>Med. leg. Costa Rica</abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>1409-0015</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name>Asociación Costarricense de Medicina Forense</publisher-name>
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<article-id>S1409-00152006000100007</article-id>
<title-group>
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<pub-date pub-type="epub">
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<volume>23</volume>
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<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S1409-00152006000100007&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S1409-00152006000100007&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S1409-00152006000100007&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>A recent fact that has caused commotion in the international medical community has been the news of first partial face transplantation executed in France. With this fact, this theme has been put again on the covering. Since the medical, psychosocial and ethical point of view, it has generated polemics. Likewise, it can have medicolegal implications. The transplants have had a giddy development since the starts of the 20th century, when were developed microsurgical techniques and then inmunosuppressant drugs. With both there was a high percentage of transplant success. Nevertheless, at this time, the facial transplant would be indicated for a reduced number of patients with severe facial wounds, in which the conventional techniques don’t offer more helps. Also, it is necessary that the patients give their informed consent for a surgery that is still in experimental phase and of which we don’t know with certainty the consequences to short, medium and long time limit. From the forensic point of view it would mainly imply the modification of the usual evolution of the functional and aesthetic injury consequences.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Un hecho reciente que ha causado revuelo en la comunidad médica internacional ha sido la noticia de la realización del primer trasplante parcial de cara en Francia. Con este hecho se ha vuelto a poner sobre el tapete un tema que desde el punto de vista médico, psicosocial y ético ha generado polémica. Asimismo, puede tener implicaciones desde el enfoque medicolegal. Los trasplantes han tenido un desarrollo vertiginoso desde los inicios del siglo XX, desarrollando técnicas microquirúrgicas y fármacos inmunomoduladores capaces de garantizar un alto porcentaje de éxito. Sin embargo en este momento el trasplante facial estaría indicado para un reducido número de casos con severas lesiones faciales en los cuales las técnicas convencionales no ofreciesen más ayuda. Además los pacientes tendrían que dar su consentimiento informado a un procedimiento que aún está en fase experimental y del cual no se conocen con certeza las consecuencias a corto, mediano y largo plazo. Desde el punto de vista medicolegal implicaría principalmente la modificación de la evolución usual de los estados secuelares funcionales y estéticos del rostro.</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>Face</kwd>
<kwd>transplant</kwd>
<kwd>facial transplantation</kwd>
<kwd>microsurgery</kwd>
<kwd>inmunosuppressant drugs</kwd>
<kwd>identity</kwd>
<kwd>ethical principles</kwd>
<kwd>informed consent</kwd>
<kwd>forensic consequences</kwd>
<kwd>Rostro</kwd>
<kwd>trasplantes</kwd>
<kwd>trasplante facial</kwd>
<kwd>trasplante de cara</kwd>
<kwd>microcirugía</kwd>
<kwd>inmunosupresión</kwd>
<kwd>identidad</kwd>
<kwd>principios éticos</kwd>
<kwd>consentimiento informado</kwd>
<kwd>secuelas medicolegales</kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
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<front>
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<journal-title>Medicina Legal de Costa Rica</journal-title>
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<publisher-name>Asociación Costarricense de Medicina Forense</publisher-name>
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<article-id>S1409-00152006000100008</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es">Síndrome de la niña y el niño sacudidos: hallazgos anatomoclínicos</article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="en">Shaken baby syndrome: anatomoclinic features</article-title>
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<contrib-group>
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<name>
<surname>Bonilla Montero</surname>
<given-names>Raúl A</given-names>
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<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
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<aff id="A01">
<institution>,Poder Judicial  </institution>
<addr-line> </addr-line>
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<aff id="A02">
<institution>,Departamento de Medicina Legal de CR  </institution>
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<aff id="A03">
<institution>,CCSS  </institution>
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<volume>23</volume>
<fpage>103</fpage>
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<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S1409-00152006000100008&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S1409-00152006000100008&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S1409-00152006000100008&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>The shaken baby syndrome is one of the most severe presentations of child abuse that is seen in children especially under the first year of age. The great vulnerability of this group of patients and the serious consequences that they may encounter in the future, including death, are enough reason to inquire, during the clinical approach, about the possibility that the patient being attended may be a victim of physical abuse. From a medico-legal evaluation, it is pertinent to document and describe thoroughly the physical lesions in the living patient and in cases of homicide, in order to contribute scientifically in the administration of justice. For that reason it is essential to follow a uniform methodology in the management of both the clinical and the forensic assessment. This article reviews the usual clinical presentation of the shaken baby syndrome and proposes a basic guide to evaluate the autopsies in cases of deaths originated by this cause.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>El síndrome del niño sacudido es una de las formas más severas de maltrato infantil que ocurre principalmente en niños menores de un año. Por la vulnerabilidad de las víctimas y por las secuelas que puede producir, incluyendo la muerte, es necesario, en el abordaje clínico, tener presente la sospecha diagnóstica ante lesiones de explicación insatisfactoria por parte de los encargados del menor. Asimismo si se trata de un abordaje médico legal deben tenerse las consideraciones necesarias para documentar las lesiones, tanto en el paciente vivo, como en los casos de homicidio, para colaborar con la administración de justicia. Para ello se debe tratar de implementar una metodología homogénea para la realización de dichas pericias, tanto en la parte clínica como patológico forense. En este artículo se describe la forma habitual de presentación clínica del síndrome del niño sacudido y se expone una guía básica para la realización de autopsias medicolegales en casos de muertes por esta causa.</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>shaken baby syndrome</kwd>
<kwd>medico-legal autopsy</kwd>
<kwd>child abuse</kwd>
<kwd>retinal hemorrhages</kwd>
<kwd>subdural haematoma</kwd>
<kwd>diffuse axonal injury</kwd>
<kwd>Síndrome del niño sacudido</kwd>
<kwd>autopsia medicolegal</kwd>
<kwd>maltrato infantil</kwd>
<kwd>hemorragias retinianas</kwd>
<kwd>hematoma subdural</kwd>
<kwd>daño axonal difuso</kwd>
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<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id pub-id-type="pid">S1409-001520060001</journal-id>
<journal-title>Medicina Legal de Costa Rica</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title>Med. leg. Costa Rica</abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>1409-0015</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name>Asociación Costarricense de Medicina Forense</publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S1409-00152006000100009</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es">El trauma cráneo encefálico como causa de muerte violenta en Costa Rica en el año 2004</article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="en">Head injury as a cause of violent death in Costa Rica in 2004</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Vargas Sanabria</surname>
<given-names>Maikel</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Bonilla Montero</surname>
<given-names>Raúl A.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A02"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="A01">
<institution>,Departamento de Medicina Legal de CR  </institution>
<addr-line> </addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="A02">
<institution>,Poder Judicial  </institution>
<addr-line> </addr-line>
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<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<month>03</month>
<year>2006</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<year>2006</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>23</volume>
<fpage>113</fpage>
<lpage>128</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S1409-00152006000100009&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S1409-00152006000100009&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S1409-00152006000100009&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>It’s a well-known fact the importance of head injury as causes of death on violent deaths around the world; however in Costa Rica there’re not current statistics about this phenomenon. In this paper we analyzed this kind of violent deaths in 2004 for to define its demographic, geographic and chronological characteristics. Also, for analyzing its medico-legal etiology and its specific lethal injury. The conclusions of this paper were: in most cases lethal injury was subject to prevention, because they were caused by traffic accidents or gunshots. The non missile injury, the head experiments a suddenly acceleration, it was the main mechanism involved in lethal injuries. Principal injuries notated as main cause of death in the final autopsy report were brain contusion and lacerations, however there were a sub diagnosis of lethal injuries like diffuse axonal damage due a technical problems. The epidemiological profile of the victims (economically active male, and city inhabitant) coincided with recent bibliography.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Es bien sabido que el trauma cráneo encefálico es un importante contribuyente dentro de las causas de muertes traumáticas, sin embargo en Costa Rica no existen estadísticas actualizadas al respecto. En este trabajo se analizaron las muertes provocadas por este tipo de trauma en el año 2004 para determinar sus características demográficas, ubicación temporal y geográfica, etiología médico legal y las lesiones específicas que provocaron la muerte. Se concluyó, después del análisis de los datos obtenidos, que la mayoría de muertes son prevenibles (accidentes de tránsito, heridas por proyectil de arma de fuego), que las lesiones más frecuentes son las producidas por traumatismos sin objeto animado (non missile injuries), que las lesiones anotadas como causa ulterior de muerte son predominantemente la contusión y laceración cerebral, pero que existe un subdiagnóstico de lesiones letales como el daño axonal difuso, por dificultades técnicas. No obstante el resto del perfil epidemiológico de las víctimas (masculino, de edad laboralmente productiva y habitante de ciudad) coinciden con la bibliografía más reciente revisada.</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>Head injury</kwd>
<kwd>causes of death</kwd>
<kwd>medico-legal etiology</kwd>
<kwd>violent death</kwd>
<kwd>lethal injuries</kwd>
<kwd>forensic epidemiology</kwd>
<kwd>brain contusions and laceration</kwd>
<kwd>traffic accidents</kwd>
<kwd>gunshot deaths</kwd>
<kwd>Trauma cráneo encefálico</kwd>
<kwd>causas y manera de muerte</kwd>
<kwd>muerte violenta</kwd>
<kwd>lesiones encefálicas letales</kwd>
<kwd>epidemiología forense</kwd>
<kwd>contusión y laceración cerebral</kwd>
<kwd>accidentes de tránsito</kwd>
<kwd>heridas por proyectil de arma de fuego</kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
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<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id pub-id-type="pid">S1409-001520060001</journal-id>
<journal-title>Medicina Legal de Costa Rica</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title>Med. leg. Costa Rica</abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>1409-0015</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name>Asociación Costarricense de Medicina Forense</publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S1409-00152006000100010</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es">Meningitis bacteriana</article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="en">Bacterial meningitis</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Alvarado Guevara</surname>
<given-names>Ana Teresa</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
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<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Castillo Solano</surname>
<given-names>Lizzie Marie</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A02"/>
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</contrib-group>
<aff id="A01">
<institution>,Colegio de Médicos  </institution>
<addr-line> </addr-line>
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<aff id="A02">
<institution>,Colegio de Médicos  </institution>
<addr-line> </addr-line>
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<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<month>03</month>
<year>2006</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<year>2006</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>23</volume>
<fpage>129</fpage>
<lpage>142</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S1409-00152006000100010&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S1409-00152006000100010&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S1409-00152006000100010&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>In Costa Rica the bacterial meningitis had turn into a high-priority subject in which to monitoring epidemiologist. It had been talked about in the last months, to dice an increase in the attention is published of this subject, due to this phenomenon it becomes necessary to make a revision of topic. Meningitis is an inflammation of leptomeninges and colonization of the subarachnoid cerebrospinal fluid (LCR) due to different agents, which produces meningeal symptoms (ex. migraine, neck rigidity, and photophobia) and pleocytosis in LCR. De pending on the variables to take into account is possible to group it in different classifications, taking into account the time of evolution are possible to be divided in acute or chronic, to first with few hours or days of beginning of the symptoms, whereas the chronicle also presents a silence course but of the disease of approximately 4 weeks of instauration. There is a difference according to its etiologic agent; they can be infectious and non-infectious. Examples of common non-infectious causes include medications (ex, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, and antibiotics) and carcinomatosis. A classification exists as well according to the causal agent. The acute bacterial meningitis remarks a bacterial origin of the syndrome, which characterizes by the by an acute onset of meningeal symptoms and neutrophilic pleocytosis. Each one of the bacteriological agents, parasitic or fungus finishes by characterizing the different presentations of the clinical features (ex, meningocóccica meningitis, Cryptococcus meningitis). Finally, there is also the aseptic meningitis, denominated in this form because it’s nonpyogenic cellular response caused by many types of agents. The patients show an acute beginning of symptoms, fever and lymphocytic pleocytosis. After specialized analyses, concluded that majority cause is different viral agents. Also in certain cases it can be caused by fungi, bacteria, mycobacterium and parasites</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>En Costa Rica la meningitis bacteriana se ha convertido en un tema prioritario en lo que a vigilancia epidemiológica se refiere, en los últimos meses se ha dado un aumento en la atención pública de este tema, debido a este fenómeno se hace necesario realizar una revisión del tema. La meningitis es una inflamación de las leptomeninges y colonización del líquido cefalorraquídeo (LCR) debido a diferentes agentes, lo cual produce síntomas meníngeos (Ej., cefalea, rigidez nucal, fotofobia) y pleocitosis a nivel de LCR. Dependiendo de las variables se pueden agrupar en diferentes clasificaciones, tomando en cuenta el tiempo de evolución se pueden dividir en agudas o crónicas, a las primeras con pocas horas o días de inicio de la sintomatología, mientras que la crónica presenta un curso mas larvado de la enfermedad de aproximadamente 4 semanas de instauración. Existe también diferencia según su etiología, pueden ser infecciosas y no infecciosas. Causas no infecciosas incluyen: drogas antiinflamatorias, antibióticos y carcinomatosis. A su vez existe una clasificación según el agente causal. La meningitis bacteriana aguda remarca el origen bacteriano de este síndrome, el cual se caracteriza por el inicio agudo de sus síntomas y pleocitosis de predominio neutrofílico. Cada uno de los agentes bacterianos, parasíticos o fúngicos terminan por categorizar las diferentes presentaciones de este cuadro clínico (Ej., meningitis meningocóccica, meningitis criptocóccica). Es en este grupo en específico de etiología en el cual se basara el siguiente artículo. Por último pero no menos importante tenemos la meningitis aséptica, denominada de esta forma debido a una respuesta celular no pirógena causada por muchos tipos de agentes. Los pacientes muestran un inicio agudo de síntomas meníngeos, fiebre y pleocitosis pero de predominio linfocítico. Después de análisis especializados, se da pro concluido que la mayoría de los agentes causales son virales lo cual conlleva a las diferentes sub-clasificaciones. También en ciertos casos puede ser ocasionada por hongos, bacterias atípicas, micobacterias y parásitos.</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>Meningitis</kwd>
<kwd>bacteria</kwd>
<kwd>subarachnoid cerebrospinal fluid</kwd>
<kwd>meninges</kwd>
<kwd>meningeal symptoms</kwd>
<kwd>pleocytosis</kwd>
<kwd>Meningitis</kwd>
<kwd>bacteria</kwd>
<kwd>meninges</kwd>
<kwd>líquido cefalorraquídeo</kwd>
<kwd>signos meníngeos</kwd>
<kwd>pleocitosis</kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front>
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