<?xml version="1.0" encoding="iso-8859-1" ?>
<articles>
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id pub-id-type="pid">S1409-001520060002</journal-id>
<journal-title>Medicina Legal de Costa Rica</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title>Med. leg. Costa Rica</abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>1409-0015</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name>Asociación Costarricense de Medicina Forense</publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S1409-00152006000200001</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es">El consejo médico forense y la necesidad de apelar</article-title>
</title-group>
<aff id="A">
<institution>,  </institution>
<addr-line> </addr-line>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<month>09</month>
<year>2006</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<year>2006</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>23</volume>
<fpage>3</fpage>
<lpage>4</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S1409-00152006000200001&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S1409-00152006000200001&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S1409-00152006000200001&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri></article-meta>
</front>
</article>
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id pub-id-type="pid">S1409-001520060002</journal-id>
<journal-title>Medicina Legal de Costa Rica</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title>Med. leg. Costa Rica</abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>1409-0015</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name>Asociación Costarricense de Medicina Forense</publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S1409-00152006000200002</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es">El aporte de la medicina forense al derecho costarricense</article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="en">Contributions of Forensic Medicine to Costa Rican Laws</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Retana Corrales</surname>
<given-names>Lic. Edwin</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="A01">
<institution>,Postgrado Administración de Justicia  </institution>
<addr-line>Limón </addr-line>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<month>09</month>
<year>2006</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<year>2006</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>23</volume>
<fpage>5</fpage>
<lpage>19</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S1409-00152006000200002&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S1409-00152006000200002&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S1409-00152006000200002&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>Throughout Costa Rican history, Legal Medicine has contributed providing an important support to the Administration of Justice, especially in all judicial activities in which it is required, and to the Investigator and Public Ministry in the elucidating of real truth in a specific case. To understand better the forensic doctor’s contribution in a judicial court, we extract a historic synopsis in an international and national realm, followed by the first medical legal report and the development that this discipline has achieved in Costa Rica. We will also handle the concept and duties of the Forensic Doctor as an expert, the quality of expertise from the viewpoint concerning fundamental rights of the examined and the forensic duality between the Forensic Doctor’s ethics and his/her personality.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>La Medicina Legal a través de historia costarricense, ha contribuido en facilitar un apoyo importante a la Administración de Justicia, principalmente en todas las actividades judiciales en que sea requerida, así como al Investigador y Ministerio Público en el esclarecimiento de la verdad real en un caso específico. Para comprender mejor el aporte médico forense en sede judicial, se logra extraer una sinopsis histórica a nivel internacional y nacional, continuando por el Primer dictamen médico legal y el desarrollo que ha logrado crear esta disciplina en Costa Rica. También se tratara sobre los concepto y funciones del Médico Forense como perito y la calidad del Trabajo pericial desde la óptica del respeto a los derechos fundamentales del examinado y la dialéctica forense que se da entre la ética del médico forense y su personalidad.</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>Legal Medicine</kwd>
<kwd>history of Costa Rican Legal Medicine</kwd>
<kwd>contribution</kwd>
<kwd>Administration of Justice</kwd>
<kwd>Investigator</kwd>
<kwd>Public Ministry</kwd>
<kwd>real truth</kwd>
<kwd>first medical legal report</kwd>
<kwd>duties of the Forensic Doctor</kwd>
<kwd>expert</kwd>
<kwd>expertise</kwd>
<kwd>rights of the examined</kwd>
<kwd>the forensic duality</kwd>
<kwd>leadership of the Legal Medicine Department</kwd>
<kwd>Forensic Medicine Council</kwd>
<kwd>Forensic Medicine Clinic</kwd>
<kwd>Forensic Pathology</kwd>
<kwd>Forensic Psychiatry and Psychology</kwd>
<kwd>Medicine of Work</kwd>
<kwd>Medical legal units</kwd>
<kwd>Forensic Anthropology</kwd>
<kwd>Forensic Dentistry</kwd>
<kwd>official Doctors</kwd>
<kwd>teaching</kwd>
<kwd>Medicina Legal</kwd>
<kwd>historia de la medicina legal costarricense</kwd>
<kwd>contribución</kwd>
<kwd>Administración de Justicia</kwd>
<kwd>Investigador</kwd>
<kwd>Ministerio Público</kwd>
<kwd>verdad real</kwd>
<kwd>Primer dictamen médico legal</kwd>
<kwd>funciones del Médico Forense</kwd>
<kwd>perito</kwd>
<kwd>Trabajo pericial</kwd>
<kwd>derechos del examinado</kwd>
<kwd>dialéctica forense</kwd>
<kwd>ética forense</kwd>
<kwd>Jefatura del Departamento de Medicina Legal</kwd>
<kwd>Consejo Médico Forense</kwd>
<kwd>Clínica Médico Forense</kwd>
<kwd>Patología Forense</kwd>
<kwd>Psiquiatría y Psicología Forense</kwd>
<kwd>Medicina del Trabajo</kwd>
<kwd>Unidades Médico Legales</kwd>
<kwd>Antropología Forense</kwd>
<kwd>Odontología Forense</kwd>
<kwd>Médicos oficiales</kwd>
<kwd>Docencia</kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front>
<back>
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<month>em</month>
<day>br</day>
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<publisher-loc> </publisher-loc>
<publisher-name>Asociación Costarricense de Medicina Forense</publisher-name>
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<volume>19</volume>
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<publisher-name>Asociación Costarricense de Medicina Forense</publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
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<ref id="B11">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
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<publisher-name>Asociación Costarricense de Medicina Forense</publisher-name>
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</article>
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id pub-id-type="pid">S1409-001520060002</journal-id>
<journal-title>Medicina Legal de Costa Rica</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title>Med. leg. Costa Rica</abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>1409-0015</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name>Asociación Costarricense de Medicina Forense</publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S1409-00152006000200003</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es">Análisis medicolegal de las muertes ocurridas en el foco de un incendio: tragedia del Hospital Dr. Rafael Ángel Calderón Guardia en julio del 2005</article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="en">Medical legal analysis of the deaths occurred in the focus of a fire: tragedy at Dr. Rafael Angel Calderon Guardia Hospital in July, 2005</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Abarca Villalobos</surname>
<given-names>Dra. Zarela</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Vargas Sanabria</surname>
<given-names>Dr. Maikel</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A02"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="A01">
<institution>,Poder Judicial  </institution>
<addr-line> </addr-line>
<country>Costa Rica</country>
</aff>
<aff id="A02">
<institution>,Poder Judicial  </institution>
<addr-line> </addr-line>
<country>Costa Rica</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<month>09</month>
<year>2006</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<year>2006</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>23</volume>
<fpage>21</fpage>
<lpage>49</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S1409-00152006000200003&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S1409-00152006000200003&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S1409-00152006000200003&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>Last July 12th 2005, in the &quot;Dr. Calderon Guardia&quot; Hospital, located in San José, Costa Rica, a tragic fire happened in the oldest section of its structure. This hospital is one of the main public medical centers in our country. In the fire, 21 deaths were produced: 19 of them inside the building. Also, material losses were produced for more than 20 million dollars and a serious reduction in the public hospital system in Costa Rica. In this paper, we are doing a forensic analysis about this disaster and the totality of deaths that have happened in fire focus in Costa Rica in the period between years 2000 to the 2005, in order to establish a demographic profile of the victims to compare the findings of the autopsies and the results of complementary examinations. This, with the purpose of suggesting a uniform forensic pathological handling, of the bodies recovered from fire focuses, including carbonized bodies and fires with great number of mortal victims.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>El pasado 12 de julio del 2005, el Hospital Dr. Rafael Ángel Calderón Guardia, uno de los principales centros médicos públicos de Costa Rica sufrió un incendio parcial en la parte más antigua de su estructura. El siniestro causó la muerte de 21 personas, 19 de ellas en el mismo sitio de la tragedia, pérdidas materiales por más de 20 millones de dólares y un menoscabo significativo al sistema hospitalario público costarricense. En el presente trabajo se analizan desde el punto de vista médico legal, este desastre y la totalidad de muertes ocurridas en focos de incendios en Costa Rica, en el período comprendido entre los años 2000 al 2005, y se establece un perfil demográfico de las víctimas, se comparan los hallazgos de las autopsias y los resultados de los exámenes complementarios solicitados. Esto con el fin de sugerir un manejo uniforme por parte del Médico Forense, frente a cadáveres recuperados de incendios, incluyendo cuerpos carbonizados y siniestros con gran número de víctimas mortales.</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>Thermal trauma</kwd>
<kwd>burn deaths</kwd>
<kwd>deaths in the focus of a fire</kwd>
<kwd>carbonized bodies</kwd>
<kwd>forensic handling of disasters</kwd>
<kwd>fires in hospitals</kwd>
<kwd>hospital Dr. Calderon Guardia deflagration</kwd>
<kwd>Trauma térmico</kwd>
<kwd>muerte por quemaduras</kwd>
<kwd>muertes en el foco de un incendio</kwd>
<kwd>cadáver carbonizado</kwd>
<kwd>abordaje médico legal de desastres</kwd>
<kwd>incendio hospitalario</kwd>
<kwd>deflagración del hospital Dr. Calderón Guardia</kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front>
<back>
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<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
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<given-names>R</given-names>
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<given-names>E</given-names>
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<year>1999</year>
<month></month>
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<edition>Segunda edición</edition>
<publisher-loc>^eMéxico D. F </publisher-loc>
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<surname>Rojas</surname>
<given-names>M</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es">Violencia social en Costa Rica</article-title>
<source>Violencia social en Costa Rica</source>
<year>2004</year>
<month></month>
<day></day>
<publisher-loc>San José </publisher-loc>
<publisher-name>Organización Panamericana de la Salud - Ministerio de Salud</publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
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<surname>Vargas</surname>
<given-names>M</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es">El trauma cráneo encefálico como causa de muerte violenta en Costa Rica en el año 2004</article-title>
<source>Revista Costarricense de Medicina Legal</source>
<year>Marz</year>
<month>o </month>
<day>20</day>
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<surname>Di Maio</surname>
<given-names>V</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Di Maio</surname>
<given-names>D</given-names>
</name>
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<article-title xml:lang="en">Forensic Pathology</article-title>
<source>Forensic Pathology</source>
<year>2001</year>
<month></month>
<day></day>
<edition>Second edition</edition>
<publisher-loc> </publisher-loc>
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<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Vargas</surname>
<given-names>R</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
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<journal-id pub-id-type="pid">S1409-001520060002</journal-id>
<journal-title>Medicina Legal de Costa Rica</journal-title>
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<article-id>S1409-00152006000200004</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es">Mitos en torno a la evaluación psicológica forense en casos de agresión sexual contra menores de edad: la necesidad de un cambio de paradigma</article-title>
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<aff id="A01">
<institution>,Poder Judicial  </institution>
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<aff id="A02">
<institution>,Poder Judicial  </institution>
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<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S1409-00152006000200004&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S1409-00152006000200004&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S1409-00152006000200004&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>This article discusses several myths concerning forensic psychological assessment in child sexual aggression cases. Some descriptive results are presented in terms of different variables associated with this kind of evaluations at the &quot;Sección de Psiquiatría y Psicología Forense del Departamento de Medicina Legal&quot; (Section of Psychiatry and Forensic Psychology of the Legal Medicine Department) during 2004. Three specific myths are revised taking into account the specialized literature: the credibility of testimonies, the consequences of sexual abuse and clinical diagnoses. Finally, a change of paradigm is proposed in this kind of psychological assessment cases.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Este artículo discute la existencia de una serie de mitos en relación con la evaluación psicológica forense en casos de agresión sexual contra personas menores de edad. Se presentan los resultados de una investigación realizada en la Sección de Psiquiatría y Psicología Forense del Departamento de Medicina Legal en el año 2004, con el fin de describir algunas variables asociadas con este tipo de evaluaciones. Se revisan tres mitos a la luz de la literatura científica: la credibilidad de los relatos, las secuelas del abuso y la generación de diagnósticos clínicos. Finalmente, se propone un cambio de paradigma en cuanto al objeto de estudio en las evaluaciones forenses en este tipo de casos.</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>Sexual abuse</kwd>
<kwd>sexual aggression</kwd>
<kwd>psychological assessment</kwd>
<kwd>forensic assessment principles</kwd>
<kwd>forensic assessment models</kwd>
<kwd>credibility</kwd>
<kwd>sexual abuse consequences</kwd>
<kwd>clinical diagnoses</kwd>
<kwd>functional abilities</kwd>
<kwd>forensic assessment protocols</kwd>
<kwd>Abuso sexual</kwd>
<kwd>agresión sexual</kwd>
<kwd>evaluación psicológica</kwd>
<kwd>principios de evaluación forense</kwd>
<kwd>modelos de evaluación forense</kwd>
<kwd>credibilidad</kwd>
<kwd>secuelas de abuso sexual</kwd>
<kwd>diagnósticos clínicos</kwd>
<kwd>habilidades funcionales</kwd>
<kwd>protocolos de evaluación forense</kwd>
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<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S1409-00152006000200005&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S1409-00152006000200005&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S1409-00152006000200005&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>This article introduces the reader to the comprehension of the inviolable task of Forensic Psychologists. Far from heading towards a methodological confrontation, it searches for the pragmatic assurance of its inquisitive work from the psychological view point; without the historic contamination it has suffered from requirements that are beyond its field and have devalued it through the years, turning it into an expertise which few appreciate and many criticize. It also allows, in a respectable manner, to reconsider and redefine the rightful tasks of psychology.</p></abstract>
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<kwd>Inviolable task</kwd>
<kwd>forensic psychologist</kwd>
<kwd>methodological confrontation</kwd>
<kwd>pragmatic assurance</kwd>
<kwd>psychological inquisitive work</kwd>
<kwd>historic contamination</kwd>
<kwd>devaluation of work</kwd>
<kwd>low-priced expertise</kwd>
<kwd>Tarea inviolable</kwd>
<kwd>psicólogo forense</kwd>
<kwd>confrontación metodológica</kwd>
<kwd>aclaración pragmática</kwd>
<kwd>labor indagatoria psicológica</kwd>
<kwd>contaminación histórica</kwd>
<kwd>desvalorización del trabajo</kwd>
<kwd>peritazgo de poco precio</kwd>
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<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S1409-00152006000200006&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S1409-00152006000200006&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S1409-00152006000200006&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>Violence against women has been considered a violation to human rights. After a lot of years of struggles, it is finally visualized and identified and the consequences it has on the life of women and their children have been recognized. On the other hand, the mistreatment that an abused woman does to her children has been historically highlighted from multiple view points. Theories that stigmatize and punish women who mistreat have been constructed, with no due efforts of approaching the problem with non revictimizing nor culpability producing means towards these women. Intervention with women who mistreat their children contributes to the inspection of these women’s violence experience, which encourages their empowerment and the possibility to establish a new relationship with their children based on alternative upbringing patterns. Protecting the mothers’ rights, is a way of fostering the protection of children’s and adolescents’ right of having a family and being brought up in a violence-free environment.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>La violencia contra las mujeres ha sido considerada una violación de los derechos humanos, luego de muchos años de lucha, se ha logrado visibilizarla, identificarla y reconocer las consecuencias que tiene en la vida de las mujeres y de sus hijos e hijas. Por el contrario, el maltrato que una mujer agredida haga hacia sus hijos o hijas ha sido históricamente destacado desde múltiples puntos de vista. Se han construido teorías que estigmatizan y castigan a las mujeres que maltratan, sin que se haya hecho esfuerzos claros por acercarse al problema de maneras no revictimizantes y culpabilizadoras hacia las mujeres. La intervención con mujeres agredidas que maltratan a sus hijas e hijos contribuye a la revisión de la experiencia de violencia de estas mujeres, a la vez que promueve su empoderamiento y la posibilidad de establecer una nueva relación con sus hijos e hijas basada en patrones de crianza alternativa. De esta forma, al proteger los derechos de las madres, se está promoviendo la protección de los derechos de los niños, las niñas, los y las adolescentes a contar con una familia y a crecer en un ambiente libre de violencia.</p></abstract>
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<kwd>violation</kwd>
<kwd>human rights</kwd>
<kwd>struggle of women</kwd>
<kwd>mistreatment by woman</kwd>
<kwd>female aggressor</kwd>
<kwd>stigmatizing theories</kwd>
<kwd>punishes women</kwd>
<kwd>women who mistreat</kwd>
<kwd>culpability towards women</kwd>
<kwd>empowerment</kwd>
<kwd>alternative upbringing patterns</kwd>
<kwd>brought up in a violence-free environment</kwd>
<kwd>Violencia contra las mujeres</kwd>
<kwd>violación</kwd>
<kwd>derechos humanos</kwd>
<kwd>lucha de las mujeres</kwd>
<kwd>maltrato por mujer</kwd>
<kwd>mujer agresora</kwd>
<kwd>teorías estigmatizantes</kwd>
<kwd>castiga a las mujeres</kwd>
<kwd>mujeres que maltratan</kwd>
<kwd>culpabilización hacia las mujeres</kwd>
<kwd>empoderamiento</kwd>
<kwd>patrones de crianza alternativa</kwd>
<kwd>crecer libre de violencia</kwd>
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<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id pub-id-type="pid">S1409-001520060002</journal-id>
<journal-title>Medicina Legal de Costa Rica</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title>Med. leg. Costa Rica</abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>1409-0015</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name>Asociación Costarricense de Medicina Forense</publisher-name>
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<article-id>S1409-00152006000200007</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es">Agresión infantil como problema social en Costa Rica, desde enero de 2005 hasta mayo de 2006</article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="en">Child Abuse as a Social Problem in Costa Rica, from January 2005 to May 2006</article-title>
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<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Abarca Campos</surname>
<given-names>Carlos</given-names>
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<surname>Alpízar Castro</surname>
<given-names>Ligia Elena</given-names>
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<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
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<given-names>Clavelina</given-names>
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<given-names>Manuel</given-names>
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<given-names>Dr. Edgar Alonso</given-names>
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<aff id="A01">
<institution>,Universidad de Costa Rica  </institution>
<addr-line> </addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="A02">
<institution>,Departamento de Medicina Legal de Costa Rica  </institution>
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<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<month>09</month>
<year>2006</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<year>2006</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>23</volume>
<fpage>111</fpage>
<lpage>135</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S1409-00152006000200007&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S1409-00152006000200007&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S1409-00152006000200007&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>Child abuse is an issue which has persisted through history. This problem includes not only physical, but psychological damage. Clinical report, most of the times, is the principal axis in the correct diagnosis and the posterior treatment. In this study, 192 cases of child abuse were analyzed between January 2005 and May 2006, and the results presented most of the cases include child molesting, occasional medical attention after the assault, the victims receive medical attention long time after the assault, and most of the cases occur during December, which can be associated with irresponsible behavior (alcohol, parties, etc.). It is very important that the physician is very clear about the signs of sexual abuse and its physical and psychological consequences, since it is the most common type of aggression and in many cases can be unnoticed.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>La agresión infantil es un problema social que ha persistido a lo largo de la historia. La problemática abarca lesiones tanto a nivel físico como psicológico. La clínica, en la mayor parte de las veces, es el eje principal en el diagnóstico acertado y el posterior manejo. En este trabajo se analizaron 192 casos de agresión infantil durante el periodo comprendido entre enero de 2005 y mayo de 2006 y se presentan sus resultados donde la mayoría de los maltratos infantiles incluye abuso sexual, no es común la atención médica luego de la agresión, las víctimas consultan mucho tiempo después y se presentan más casos de maltrato infantil en el mes de Diciembre lo cual podemos asociar con las conductas del mes que suelen ser más irresponsables (fiestas, alcohol, etc.). Es importante que el médico tenga claro los signos de abuso sexual y sus repercusiones tanto físicas como psicológicas ya que es el tipo de agresión más frecuente y muchas veces puede pasar desapercibida.</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>Child abuse</kwd>
<kwd>child molesting</kwd>
<kwd>Costa Rican childhood</kwd>
<kwd>damage</kwd>
<kwd>clinical report of abused child</kwd>
<kwd>social problem</kwd>
<kwd>irreparable damage</kwd>
<kwd>death</kwd>
<kwd>Agresión infantil</kwd>
<kwd>abuso sexual infantil</kwd>
<kwd>niñez de Costa Rica</kwd>
<kwd>lesión</kwd>
<kwd>clínica del niño agredido</kwd>
<kwd>problema social</kwd>
<kwd>lesiones irreparables</kwd>
<kwd>muerte</kwd>
</kwd-group>
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<front>
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<journal-title>Medicina Legal de Costa Rica</journal-title>
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<article-title xml:lang="es">&quot;Burnout&quot; en médicos: aproximaciones teóricas y algunos diagnósticos diferenciales</article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="en">&quot;Burnout&quot; in doctors: theoretical approaches and some differential diagnoses</article-title>
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<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S1409-00152006000200008&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S1409-00152006000200008&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S1409-00152006000200008&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>In last the three decades many authors and investigators have made their contributions to the Syndrome of Burnout or professional exhaustion, mainly in doctors, being this one of the affected populations. It is necessary to differentiate the Burnout from other concepts that can be overlapped with it like depression, stress and labor dissatisfaction, recognizing that this syndrome can cause the sufficient physical and mental deterioration in the health personnel to the point of being able to interfere seriously in their daily work and to cause, consequently, important damages the health of their patients. This is why it is of vital importance to make conscience of the necessity of prevention in the aspects that can be corrected or of the identification of the process of Burnout once restored.</p></abstract>
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<kwd-group>
<kwd>Burnout</kwd>
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<kwd>depersonalization</kwd>
<kwd>realization</kwd>
<kwd>depression</kwd>
<kwd>dysthymia</kwd>
<kwd>work</kwd>
<kwd>stress</kwd>
<kwd>dissatisfaction</kwd>
<kwd>coping</kwd>
<kwd>prevention</kwd>
<kwd>psychotherapy</kwd>
<kwd>Burnout</kwd>
<kwd>cansancio emocional</kwd>
<kwd>despersonalización</kwd>
<kwd>realización</kwd>
<kwd>depresión</kwd>
<kwd>distimia</kwd>
<kwd>trabajo</kwd>
<kwd>estrés</kwd>
<kwd>insatisfacción</kwd>
<kwd>afrontamiento</kwd>
<kwd>prevención</kwd>
<kwd>psicoterapia</kwd>
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