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<articles>
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<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id pub-id-type="pid">S1409-001520080002</journal-id>
<journal-title>Medicina Legal de Costa Rica</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title>Med. leg. Costa Rica</abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>1409-0015</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name>Asociación Costarricense de Medicina Forense</publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S1409-00152008000200001</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es">Editorial</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Paguaga López</surname>
<given-names>Max</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="A01">
<institution>,Asociación Costarricense de Medicina Forense  </institution>
<addr-line> </addr-line>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<month>09</month>
<year>2008</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<year>2008</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>25</volume>
<fpage>05</fpage>
<lpage>05</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S1409-00152008000200001&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S1409-00152008000200001&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S1409-00152008000200001&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri></article-meta>
</front>
</article>
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id pub-id-type="pid">S1409-001520080002</journal-id>
<journal-title>Medicina Legal de Costa Rica</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title>Med. leg. Costa Rica</abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>1409-0015</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name>Asociación Costarricense de Medicina Forense</publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S1409-00152008000200002</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es">Accidentes de tránsito fatales en Costa Rica en el 2007</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Vargas Sanabria</surname>
<given-names>Maikel</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Solano Calderón</surname>
<given-names>Leslie</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A02"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="A01">
<institution>,Poder Judicial Departamento de Anatomía </institution>
<addr-line> </addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="A02">
<institution>,Poder Judicial Departamento de Medicina Legal </institution>
<addr-line> </addr-line>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<month>09</month>
<year>2008</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<year>2008</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>25</volume>
<fpage>07</fpage>
<lpage>24</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S1409-00152008000200002&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S1409-00152008000200002&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S1409-00152008000200002&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Los accidentes de tránsito en Costa Rica contribuyen significativamente con la tercera causa de muerte en el país en los últimos años: las causas externas, por ello resulta importante conocer el panorama más reciente de las fatalidades causadas por estos eventos. En el presente trabajo se analizarán desde el punto de vista médico legal los accidentes de tránsito fatales, cuyas víctimas fallecieron en el año 2007. Para ello se revisaron todas las autopsias efectuadas (un total de 3003) en el Departamento de Medicina Legal de Costa Rica para ese año. Se obtuvo que una cuarta parte de las mismas se originaron en accidentes de tránsito, lo cual generó una tasa de mortalidad de 16,58 por 100000 habitantes, considerada alta a nivel mundial. El perfil predominante de las víctimas fue: ser de género masculino, en edad económicamente productiva, con accidentes fatales de predominio en la noche, los fines de semana, en las provincias costeras, con fallecimiento en el sitio del hecho por trauma cráneo cervical en ocupantes de automotores o peatones, de los cuales un porcentaje significativo estaba bajo los efectos del alcohol y muy pocos bajo los efectos de otras drogas de abuso. Se insiste en la prevención como la herramienta fundamental para evitarlos.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>Traffic accidents in Costa Rica have been a contributing cause of death (the third cause of death) over the last years; that ’s why its is a mayor issue to know the panorama of the latest fatalities caused by this events. In this article, it will be analyzed from the legal medicine point of view, the fatal transit accidents during the year 2007. For these reason all autopsies (a total of 3003) occurred during that year which were made by the Departamento de Medicina Legal de Costa Rica were reviewed. From these revision, it was obtained that one forth of these autopsies were transit accidents, which means that the mortality rate was 16,58 per 100000 habitants, that is consider high over the world. The most common profile of the victims was: male, productive age, fatal accidents occurred predominantly during nights, weekends, in coast provinces, with death by cranial cervical trauma at the scene in pedestrian and drivers (including company), a significant percentage were under alcohol effects and very few were under the effects of other abuse dugs. It is insist the prevention as a fundamental tool to avoid them.</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>Accidentes de tránsito</kwd>
<kwd>tasa de mortalidad</kwd>
<kwd>causas externas de muerte</kwd>
<kwd>prevención</kwd>
<kwd>patología forense</kwd>
<kwd>accidentes de tránsito con consecuencias mortales</kwd>
<kwd>perfil de la víctima</kwd>
<kwd>autopsias médico legales</kwd>
<kwd>Traffic accidents</kwd>
<kwd>the mortality rate</kwd>
<kwd>prevention</kwd>
<kwd>forensic pathology</kwd>
<kwd>traffic accidents with fatal consequences</kwd>
<kwd>victim profile</kwd>
<kwd>autopsies</kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front>
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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id pub-id-type="pid">S1409-001520080002</journal-id>
<journal-title>Medicina Legal de Costa Rica</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title>Med. leg. Costa Rica</abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>1409-0015</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name>Asociación Costarricense de Medicina Forense</publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S1409-00152008000200003</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es">Patologías mentales derivadas de los accidentes de tránsito</article-title>
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<name>
<surname>Campos Villalobos</surname>
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<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
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<aff id="A01">
<institution>,Poder Judicial Departamento de Medicina Legal </institution>
<addr-line> </addr-line>
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<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<month>09</month>
<year>2008</year>
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<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<year>2008</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>25</volume>
<fpage>27</fpage>
<lpage>34</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S1409-00152008000200003&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S1409-00152008000200003&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S1409-00152008000200003&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Toda persona que se expone a un hecho traumático puede reaccionar de diversas maneras. En este artículo se revisan los conceptos de algunas enfermedades mentales relacionadas con accidentes de tránsito basadas en las Clasificaciones Nosográfias Internacionales DSM-IV y CIE 10.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>Any person exposed to a traumatic event can react in different ways. This article checks the concepts of some mental illnesses related to traffic accidents based on the international classifications (DSM-IV and ICD 10).</p></abstract>
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<kwd>Accident</kwd>
<kwd>trauma</kwd>
<kwd>psychic sequel</kwd>
<kwd>noxa</kwd>
<kwd>psychic damage</kwd>
</kwd-group>
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<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id pub-id-type="pid">S1409-001520080002</journal-id>
<journal-title>Medicina Legal de Costa Rica</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title>Med. leg. Costa Rica</abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>1409-0015</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name>Asociación Costarricense de Medicina Forense</publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S1409-00152008000200004</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es">Determinación de alcohol Post Mortem: Aspectos a considerar para una mejor interpretación</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Alvarado Guevara</surname>
<given-names>Ana Teresa</given-names>
</name>
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</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Raudales García</surname>
<given-names>Ismael</given-names>
</name>
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</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Vega Ramírez</surname>
<given-names>Jean Paul</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="A01">
<institution>,Poder Judicial Departamento de Medicina Legal </institution>
<addr-line> </addr-line>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<month>09</month>
<year>2008</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<year>2008</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>25</volume>
<fpage>35</fpage>
<lpage>46</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S1409-00152008000200004&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S1409-00152008000200004&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S1409-00152008000200004&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>El aumento de los accidentes (especialmente los automovilísticos) ligados al consumo de sustancias alcohólicas hace necesario el establecimiento de normas estandarizadas para la medición adecuada de los niveles alcohol en aquellos casos en que se sospecha el uso-abuso de dicha sustancia como mediador en el desenlace del accidente,esto por cuanto es de suma importancia a la hora de establecer las responsabilidades correspondientes por parte de la Autoridad Judicial. El avance en las diferentes técnicas de laboratorio hacen de la medición de alcohol un procedimiento sencillo, pero su con .abilidad queda supeditada al correcto manejo de las muestras: su toma, embalaje, transporte, conservación y procesamiento y el análisis de las variables del lugar y estado del cadáver del que fueron extraídas las mismas. La correlación de los diferentes resultados obtenidos y su correcta interpretación son necesarios para obtención de las mediciones mas cercanas a la realidad en el momento de ocurrido el suceso que se investiga.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>The increasing rate of accidents (especially car accidents) associated to alcohol substances abuse makes necessary to establish standard procedures for adequate measuring of alcohol levels in those cases suspicious of use-abuse of such substance as a troubleshooter in the accident; because of the great importance in the establishment of correspondent responsibilities by the Law Authorities. The improvement of the different laboratory techniques makes the alcohol measurement a simple procedure,but reliability is supported for the correct management of the samples: it ’s taking, packing, transporting, conservation and processing, also the analysis of the environment condition and corpse state where have been obtained. The correlation between the different results obtained and their correct interpretation are necessary for the most accurate measuring closer to the moment when the investigated incident took place.</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>Accidentes de tránsito</kwd>
<kwd>medición de niveles de alcohol</kwd>
<kwd>alcoholemia</kwd>
<kwd>manejo de muestras</kwd>
<kwd>toxicología forense</kwd>
<kwd>patología forense</kwd>
<kwd>Traffic accidents</kwd>
<kwd>measurement of alcohol levels in blood</kwd>
<kwd>samples management</kwd>
<kwd>forensic toxicology</kwd>
<kwd>forensic pathology</kwd>
</kwd-group>
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<year>2008</year>
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<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<year>2008</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>25</volume>
<fpage>47</fpage>
<lpage>54</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S1409-00152008000200005&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S1409-00152008000200005&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S1409-00152008000200005&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Habitualmente, el médico forense emite su criterio de incapacidad permanente en forma de porcentaje de disminución de la capacidad general orgánica o laboral cuando valora daño corporal, pero desconoce cómo esta cifra se convierte en un valor monetario dentro del Proceso Judicial. Esta es precisamente la labor del perito actuario matemático, quien considerando múltiples variables logra traducir dicho porcentaje en compensación económica para las víctimas. En el presente artículo se describe uno de los procedimientos utilizados en Costa Rica para tal efecto, ilustrado con casos reales.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>Generally, specialist in legal medicine makes an inform about permanent disability and express the intensity of body injuries into a percentage, but almost never he knows how this percentage finally becomes an economical indemnization for victims. This work is reallized by the skillful mathematical actuary, who takes a lot of factors around the victim and translates the percentage into a economical compensation.In this paper we describe one of the procedures utillized in Costa Rica for this, and some practical examples.</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>Perito actuario matemático</kwd>
<kwd>valoración del daño corporal</kwd>
<kwd>compensación económica de las víctimas</kwd>
<kwd>lesiones</kwd>
<kwd>incapacidad permanente</kwd>
<kwd>indemnización</kwd>
<kwd>Skillfull mathematical actuary</kwd>
<kwd>body injuries valoration</kwd>
<kwd>economical compensation for victims</kwd>
<kwd>permanent disability</kwd>
<kwd>indemnization</kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front>
<back>
<ref-list>
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<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Herrera</surname>
<given-names>M</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es">El cálculo de indemnizaciones por daño corporal (físico) y moral y su relación con los informes de los Médicos Forenses: Folleto preparado para las XXII Jornadas Costarricenses de Medicina Legal: Valoración Médico Legal del Accidente de Tránsito</article-title>
<source>El cálculo de indemnizaciones por daño corporal (físico) y moral y su relación con los informes de los Médicos Forenses: Folleto preparado para las XXII Jornadas Costarricenses de Medicina Legal: Valoración Médico Legal del Accidente de Tránsito</source>
<year>2008</year>
<month></month>
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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id pub-id-type="pid">S1409-001520080002</journal-id>
<journal-title>Medicina Legal de Costa Rica</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title>Med. leg. Costa Rica</abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>1409-0015</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name>Asociación Costarricense de Medicina Forense</publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S1409-00152008000200006</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es">Violencia doméstica</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Bogantes Rojas</surname>
<given-names>Josette</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="A01">
<institution>,Poder Judicial Departamento de Medicina Legal </institution>
<addr-line> </addr-line>
<country>Costa Rica</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<month>09</month>
<year>2008</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<year>2008</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>25</volume>
<fpage>55</fpage>
<lpage>60</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S1409-00152008000200006&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S1409-00152008000200006&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S1409-00152008000200006&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>La violencia de género son todas las formas mediante las cuales se intenta perpetuar el sistema de jerarquías impuesto por la cultura patriarcal. La violencia doméstica es una de sus formas, cuyo objetivo es el de ejercer control y dominio sobre la mujer para conservar o aumentar el poder el hombre en la relación. Las mujeres víctimas de este tipo de violencia están sometidas a un ciclo compuesto por una serie de comportamientos repetitivos en el tiempo, cada vez más frecuentes y graves, sin distinción de edad, raza, religión, estado civil ó clase social.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>Gender violence are all forms by which a system of hierarchies forced by patriarchal culture is tried. Domestic violence is one of its forms, whose objective is to exert control and authority on the woman to conserve or to increase the power imposed by man in the relationship. Victims of this type of violence are put under a cycle made up of a series of repetitive behaviors that become even more frequent and serious over a time period .Domestic violence makes no distinction regarding age, race, religion, marital status or social class.</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>Violencia doméstica</kwd>
<kwd>Violencia de género</kwd>
<kwd>Género</kwd>
<kwd>Sexo</kwd>
<kwd>Ciclo</kwd>
<kwd>Poder</kwd>
<kwd>Mujer</kwd>
<kwd>Domestic Violence</kwd>
<kwd>Gender Violence</kwd>
<kwd>Gender</kwd>
<kwd>Sex</kwd>
<kwd>Cycle</kwd>
<kwd>Power</kwd>
<kwd>Woman</kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front>
<back>
<ref-list>
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<article-title xml:lang="es">Violencia Familiar: Medicina Legal y Toxicología</article-title>
<source>Violencia Familiar: Medicina Legal y Toxicología</source>
<year>2004</year>
<month></month>
<day></day>
<edition>6a.ed</edition>
<publisher-loc>Madrid </publisher-loc>
<publisher-name>Masson</publisher-name>
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<article-title xml:lang="es">Construcción Social del Género: Conceptos Básicos</article-title>
<source>Construcción Social del Género: Conceptos Básicos</source>
<year>2008</year>
<month></month>
<day></day>
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<publisher-name>Poder Judicial</publisher-name>
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<article-title xml:lang="es">La evolución del riesgo en situaciones de violencia contra las mujeres en la relación de pareja: Departamento de Trabajo Social Y Psicología</article-title>
<source>La evolución del riesgo en situaciones de violencia contra las mujeres en la relación de pareja: Departamento de Trabajo Social Y Psicología</source>
<year>2008</year>
<month></month>
<day></day>
<publisher-loc>San José </publisher-loc>
<publisher-name>Poder Judicial</publisher-name>
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<given-names>R</given-names>
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<article-title xml:lang="es">Protocolo para la Atención de la Violencia Sexual y/o Doméstica en el Departamento de Medicina Legal</article-title>
<source>Protocolo para la Atención de la Violencia Sexual y/o Doméstica en el Departamento de Medicina Legal</source>
<year>2008</year>
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<publisher-loc>San José </publisher-loc>
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<source>Declaración Sobre la Eliminación de la Violecia Contra la Mujer</source>
<year>1994</year>
<month>, </month>
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<publisher-loc>Ginebra </publisher-loc>
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<article-title xml:lang="es">Ley contra la Violencia Doméstica N° 7586</article-title>
<source>Ley contra la Violencia Doméstica N° 7586</source>
<year>1996</year>
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<article-title xml:lang="es">Ley para la Penalización de la Violencia Contra las MujeresExpediente N° 13. 874</article-title>
<source>Ley para la Penalización de la Violencia Contra las MujeresExpediente N° 13. 874</source>
<year>2006</year>
<month>, </month>
<day>12</day>
<publisher-loc> </publisher-loc>
<publisher-name></publisher-name>
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</ref>
<ref id="B8">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Rojas</surname>
<given-names>J</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es">Violencia Doméstica y Medidas Cautelares</article-title>
<source>Medicina Legal de Costa Rica</source>
<year>2002</year>
<month>, </month>
<day>ma</day>
<volume>19</volume>
<issue>^s1</issue>
<publisher-loc> </publisher-loc>
<publisher-name></publisher-name>
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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id pub-id-type="pid">S1409-001520080002</journal-id>
<journal-title>Medicina Legal de Costa Rica</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title>Med. leg. Costa Rica</abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>1409-0015</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name>Asociación Costarricense de Medicina Forense</publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S1409-00152008000200007</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es">Asfixias mecánicas</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Solano González</surname>
<given-names>Émily</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="A01">
<institution>,Poder Judicial Departamento de Medicina Legal </institution>
<addr-line> </addr-line>
<country>Costa Rica</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<month>09</month>
<year>2008</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<year>2008</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>25</volume>
<fpage>61</fpage>
<lpage>68</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S1409-00152008000200007&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S1409-00152008000200007&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S1409-00152008000200007&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Las asfixias representan un tema relevante dentro de la Medicina Legal y sobretodo dentro de la Patología Forense. Este fenómeno que tradicionalmente se asocia a falta de oxígeno, puede producirse por múltiples alteraciones a diferentes niveles de la cadena respiratoria, desde ausencia de aire respirable hasta defectos de la respiración celular. En este artículo se hace una revisión de la literatura médico legal clásica con respecto a este tema, desde el ya superado e inespecífico síndrome asfíctico, hasta una clasificación práctica desde el punto de vista médico legal, para de esta forma unificar criterios con respecto a este tema.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>Asphyxia represents an mayor issue in Legal Medicine especially in Forensic pathology. This phenomen had been generally associated to the lack of oxygen, it can be caused by multiples alterations at differents levels of the respiratory chain, from the absence of breathable air up to cellular breathing defects. In this article we had make a bibliographic review of classic medical legal literature above this issue, from the alredy over come asphyctic syndrome up to the practice medical legal clasification to unity concepts about this patology.</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>Asfixia</kwd>
<kwd>anoxia</kwd>
<kwd>sofocación</kwd>
<kwd>compresión</kwd>
<kwd>síndrome asfíctico</kwd>
<kwd>cianosis</kwd>
<kwd>fluidez hemática</kwd>
<kwd>isquemia</kwd>
<kwd>inhibición cardiaca</kwd>
<kwd>compresión del cuello</kwd>
<kwd>sumersión</kwd>
<kwd>Asphyxia</kwd>
<kwd>anoxia</kwd>
<kwd>suffocation</kwd>
<kwd>comprensión</kwd>
<kwd>asphyctic síndrome</kwd>
<kwd>cianosis</kwd>
<kwd>cardiac inhibition</kwd>
<kwd>neck compression</kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front>
<back>
<ref-list>
<ref id="B1">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Gisbert</surname>
<given-names>J. A</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es">Fisiopatología general de las asfixias y Asfixias mecánicas. Medicina Legal y Toxicología</article-title>
<source>Fisiopatología general de las asfixias y Asfixias mecánicas. Medicina Legal y Toxicología</source>
<year>2005</year>
<month></month>
<day></day>
<edition>6a. ed</edition>
<publisher-loc> </publisher-loc>
<publisher-name>Elsevier España</publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B2">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Di Maio</surname>
<given-names>V</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Dana</surname>
<given-names>S</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es">Asfixia</article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="es">Manual de Patología Forense</article-title>
<source>Manual de Patología Forense</source>
<year>2003</year>
<month></month>
<day></day>
<publisher-loc>Madrid </publisher-loc>
<publisher-name>Ediciones Díaz de Santos</publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B3">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Knight</surname>
<given-names>B</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Saukko</surname>
<given-names>P</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en">Suffocation and &quot;asphyxia&quot;, Fatal pressure on the neck, Immersion deaths</article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="en">Knight’s Forensic Pathology</article-title>
<source>Knight’s Forensic Pathology</source>
<year>2004</year>
<month></month>
<day></day>
<edition>3a. ed</edition>
<publisher-loc>London </publisher-loc>
<publisher-name>Arnold</publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
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<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Vargas</surname>
<given-names>E</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en">Asfixias mecánicas</article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="es">Medicina Legal</article-title>
<source>Medicina Legal</source>
<year>1996</year>
<month></month>
<day></day>
<edition>1a. ed</edition>
<publisher-loc>México D. F </publisher-loc>
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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id pub-id-type="pid">S1409-001520080002</journal-id>
<journal-title>Medicina Legal de Costa Rica</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title>Med. leg. Costa Rica</abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>1409-0015</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name>Asociación Costarricense de Medicina Forense</publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S1409-00152008000200008</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es">Percepción del uso del ultrasonido obstétrico: mitos y hechos</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Obando Madrigal</surname>
<given-names>Gloriana</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Quesada Retana</surname>
<given-names>Pablo</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Vargas Marín</surname>
<given-names>Carolina</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Vargas Lepe</surname>
<given-names>Karina</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Flores Sandí</surname>
<given-names>Grettchen</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A02"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="A01">
<institution>,Universidad de Costa Rica Medicina </institution>
<addr-line> </addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="A02">
<institution>,Poder Judicial Departamento de Medicina Legal </institution>
<addr-line> </addr-line>
<country>Costa Rica</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<month>09</month>
<year>2008</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<year>2008</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>25</volume>
<fpage>71</fpage>
<lpage>84</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S1409-00152008000200008&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S1409-00152008000200008&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S1409-00152008000200008&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Este trabajo busca analizar las aplicaciones del ultrasonido y su validez como herramienta en la predicción del desenlace del embarazo. Por ser éste un método de diagnóstico es vital que tanto los pacientes como los operadores conozcan sus alcances,para así no crear falsas expectativas. Con este fin se realizó una encuesta a cien mujeres embarazadas pacientes del Hospital de la Mujer Adolfo Carit Eva. Se observó como percepción general que el US obstétrico se utiliza principalmente con el fin de determinar el sexo del feto y no por indicación médica como se encuentra establecido. Por esta razón es necesario educar a la población acerca de las limitaciones de este método.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>It was seek to analyze the applications of US and its validity as a tool on the prediction of the pregnancy outcome. Since US is vital as a diagnostic tool, is very important for patients as well as for physicians to know its reach. Because of these a survey was applied to a hundred pregnant women patients of Adolfo Carit Eva Women’s Hospital. It was observed that the general perception was that obstetric US is mainly used to determine the fetus’s sex and not as a medical indication as it is established. For this reason it is necessary to educate the general population about this method’s limitations.</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>Ultrasonido</kwd>
<kwd>embarazo</kwd>
<kwd>malformaciones congénitas</kwd>
<kwd>diagnostico prenatal</kwd>
<kwd>Ultrasound</kwd>
<kwd>pregnancy</kwd>
<kwd>congenital malformations</kwd>
<kwd>prenatal diagnosis</kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front>
<back>
<ref-list>
<ref id="B1">
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<article-id>S1409-00152008000200009</article-id>
<title-group>
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<institution>,Universidad de Ciencias Médicas  </institution>
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<fpage>85</fpage>
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<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S1409-00152008000200009&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S1409-00152008000200009&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S1409-00152008000200009&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>La sangre de cordón umbilical (SCU) es una de las fuentes más codiciadas para la obtención de células madre (CM) por la presencia de poblaciones de células embrionarias pluripotenciales. En SCU se ha encontrado CM capaces de originar diferentes tipos de células, como osteoblastos, condrocitos, miositos, adipositos, neuronas y células B. La SCU posee mayor cantidad de CM que la médula ósea y sangre periférica. En esta revisión bibliográfica se brinda un panorama actualizado en este tema y sus aplicaciones más importantes. Entre ellas destacan la posibilidad real de regeneración de tejidos otrora considerados imposibles de reponer como el cardíaco y el nervioso.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>The Blood from the umbilical cord (UCB) is one of the sources most wanted to obtain stem cell (SC) due to the present of group of multipotential embrionary cells. There has been found within the UCB SC capable of transform into differents kinds of cells, like osteoblasts, chondroblasts, adiposytes, and neural cell, beta cells and cardiac cells. UCB has more SC than bone marrow and peripheral blood. In this paper we present an actuallized panorama about stem cells and its clinical application. One of the most important application is reposition of cells with low ability of reproduction in human body, like neurons and cardiac cells.</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>Medicina regenerativa</kwd>
<kwd>célula madre</kwd>
<kwd>pluripotencial</kwd>
<kwd>sangre de cordón umbilical</kwd>
<kwd>células madre de médula ósea</kwd>
<kwd>diferenciación</kwd>
<kwd>Regenerative medicine</kwd>
<kwd>stem cells</kwd>
<kwd>pluripotential</kwd>
<kwd>blood spinal cord</kwd>
<kwd>steam cell bone marrow</kwd>
<kwd>differentiation</kwd>
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