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<articles>
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id pub-id-type="pid">S1409-001520090002</journal-id>
<journal-title>Medicina Legal de Costa Rica</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title>Med. leg. Costa Rica</abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>1409-0015</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name>Asociación Costarricense de Medicina Forense</publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S1409-00152009000200001</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es">¿Existe Violencia Social en Costa Rica?</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Paguaga López</surname>
<given-names>Max</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="A01">
<institution>,Asociación Costarricense de Medicina Forense  </institution>
<addr-line> </addr-line>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<month>09</month>
<year>2009</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<year>2009</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>26</volume>
<fpage>5</fpage>
<lpage>6</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S1409-00152009000200001&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S1409-00152009000200001&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S1409-00152009000200001&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri></article-meta>
</front>
</article>
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id pub-id-type="pid">S1409-001520090002</journal-id>
<journal-title>Medicina Legal de Costa Rica</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title>Med. leg. Costa Rica</abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>1409-0015</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name>Asociación Costarricense de Medicina Forense</publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S1409-00152009000200002</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es">Análisis Médico Legal de los homicidios en Costa Rica en el 2008</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Vargas Sanabria</surname>
<given-names>Maikel</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Solano Calderòn</surname>
<given-names>Leslie</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A02"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Bonilla Montero</surname>
<given-names>Raúl</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A03"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="A01">
<institution>,Universidad de Costa Rica Departamento de Anatomía y Postgrado en Medicina Legal </institution>
<addr-line> </addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="A02">
<institution>,Poder Judicial Departamento de Medicina Legal </institution>
<addr-line> </addr-line>
<country>Costa Rica</country>
</aff>
<aff id="A03">
<institution>,Poder Judicial Departamento de Medicina Legal </institution>
<addr-line> </addr-line>
<country>Costa Rica</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<month>09</month>
<year>2009</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<year>2009</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>26</volume>
<fpage>7</fpage>
<lpage>27</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S1409-00152009000200002&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S1409-00152009000200002&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S1409-00152009000200002&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Recientemente se ha comentado mucho en la opinión pública de temas como la seguridad ciudadana, la criminalidad y en general de la violencia social y su aumento en Costa Rica. Con el fin de brindar un panorama actualizado de un indicador objetivo como los homicidios se realizó el presente trabajo, en el cual se revisaron todas las autopsias de 2008 (un total de 3264) efectuadas en el Departamento de Medicina Legal de Costa Rica. Se obtuvo que una sexta parte de las mismas correspondió a homicidios, lo cual generó una tasa de mortalidad de 11,36 por 100000 habitantes, por mucho la más alta en la historia contemporánea de nuestro país. El perfil predominante de las víctimas fue: ser de sexo masculino, en edad económicamente productiva, con fatalidades acaecidas en la noche, los fines de semana, en la capital y las provincias portuarias, con fallecimiento en el sitio del suceso por heridas por proyectil de arma de fuego en cabeza, cuello y tórax, con presencia de alcohol y cocaína en un porcentaje significativo de las víctimas. A pesar de la complejidad de los factores que originan este fenómeno, se insiste en la prevención de la violencia social desde el núcleo familiar.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>Recently, in Costa Rica, topics like citizen security, crime rates and social violence have been a topic on public opinion. There are two positions: violence has increased and violence has not increased. We made this investigation for to give an update of the panorama of homicides in Costa Rica, one of the most important and objective indicator of social violence. We have analyzed all autopsies (a total of 3264) occurred during the year 2008 which were made by the Departamento de Medicina Legal de Costa Rica. From these revision, we obtained that one sixth of these autopsies were homicides, which means that the mortality rate was 11.36 per 100000 habitants, the highest of the modern Costa Rican history. The most common profile of the victims was: male, productive age, homicides occurred predominantly during nights, weekends in capital and main harbor provinces, with death at the scene by gunshot in head, neck or chest; a significant percentage were under alcohol and cocaine effects. We insist in the prevention by education fron the family care as a fundamental tool to avoid social violence.</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>Homicidios dolosos</kwd>
<kwd>violencia social</kwd>
<kwd>inseguridad ciudadana</kwd>
<kwd>prevención de la violencia</kwd>
<kwd>tasas de mortalidad</kwd>
<kwd>patología forense</kwd>
<kwd>autopsias médico legales</kwd>
<kwd>Homicides</kwd>
<kwd>social violence</kwd>
<kwd>citizen insecurity</kwd>
<kwd>violence prevention</kwd>
<kwd>mortality rates</kwd>
<kwd>forensic pathology</kwd>
<kwd>autopsies</kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front>
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<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id pub-id-type="pid">S1409-001520090002</journal-id>
<journal-title>Medicina Legal de Costa Rica</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title>Med. leg. Costa Rica</abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>1409-0015</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name>Asociación Costarricense de Medicina Forense</publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S1409-00152009000200003</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es">Personas menores de edad involucradas en conflicto de pareja: implicaciones psicosociales</article-title>
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<contrib-group>
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<name>
<surname>Porras Villalobos</surname>
<given-names>Héctor</given-names>
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<aff id="A01">
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<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<year>2009</year>
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<fpage>29</fpage>
<lpage>41</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S1409-00152009000200003&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S1409-00152009000200003&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S1409-00152009000200003&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>En el ámbito de los conflictos de pareja, cabe la posibilidad ante ciertas circunstancias psicosociales, del establecimiento de conflictos circulares o sin salida en los que pueden quedar atrapadas personas menores de edad. Estos conflictos tienden a extenderse al espacio de sede judicial, administrativo-legal (PANI), profesionales del sector legal en el ejercicio liberal de la profesión y sector salud, en donde en muchas ocasiones y ante la ausencia de mecanismos de comunicación/ coordinación, las necesidades emocionales y sociales de estos niños, niñas y adolescentes no son consideradas, focalizando la atención en el conflicto entre adultos, lo que da como resultado su triangulación. Esta situación, aparte de generar al sistema altos costos económicos de atención (múltiples profesionales intervinientes, procesos de atención prolongados y duplicidad de funciones), provoca un alto costo emocional en quienes la sufren, ya que presentan alta probabilidad de desarrollar una amplia variedad de síntomas compatibles con problemas tales como: desórdenes facticios, trastornos emocionales, de ansiedad y somatomorfos, problemas de ajuste e impulsividad, trastornos alimentarios y del sueño, entre otros.</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
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<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id pub-id-type="pid">S1409-001520090002</journal-id>
<journal-title>Medicina Legal de Costa Rica</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title>Med. leg. Costa Rica</abbrev-journal-title>
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<article-id>S1409-00152009000200004</article-id>
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<article-title xml:lang="es">Muerte súbita de origen neuropatológicos: (II parte)</article-title>
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<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
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<surname>Vargas Sanabria</surname>
<given-names>Maikel</given-names>
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<institution>,Poder Judicial  </institution>
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<year>2009</year>
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<pub-date pub-type="epub">
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<fpage>53</fpage>
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<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S1409-00152009000200004&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S1409-00152009000200004&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S1409-00152009000200004&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>En la primera parte del presente artículo, en el número anterior de esta Revista, se discutió ampliamente el concepto de muerte súbita de origen neuropatológico. Tomando en cuenta el mismo, se realizó este análisis de las autopsias y reportes de neuropatología de 1998 al 2006 de la Sección de Patología Forense del Departamento de Medicina Legal para establecer las causas de muerte más frecuentes y el perfil epidemiológico de los fallecidos. Esto para recomendar aspectos útiles para el manejo este tipo de casos para el personal directamente involucrado. Después de revisar las causas de muerte de 23099 autopsias que se efectuaron en el período en estudio, 338 casos coincidieron con la definición propuesta de muerte súbita de origen neuropatológico y en términos generales hubo concordancia entre lo que se anota en la literatura mundial y lo que se ha presentado en nuestro país en el intervalo analizado.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>In the first section of these report, on the previous edition of these magazine, it was discussed widely the concept of the neuropathological origen of the sudden death. Taking that preview this analysis was made from the autopsies and the neuropathological reports from 1998 to 2006 from the &quot;Sección de Patología Forense&quot; of costarican &quot;Departamento de Medicina Legal&quot; to establish the most frequent causes of death and the epidemiologic profile of the deceased. These to advice usefull aspects for the management of those cases by the involved staff. After reviewing the causes of death of 23099 autopsies made on the chosen period, 338 cases achived the definition of neuropathological sudden death proposed. In general there was found agreement between the findings on worldwide literature and the findings of our country during these period.</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>Muerte súbita</kwd>
<kwd>neuropatología forense no traumática</kwd>
<kwd>aneurismas saculares</kwd>
<kwd>epilepsia</kwd>
<kwd>malformaciones arteriovenosas</kwd>
<kwd>tumores del sistema nervioso central</kwd>
<kwd>hemorragia subaracnoidea no traumática</kwd>
<kwd>hematomas intraparenquimatosos</kwd>
<kwd>meningitis bacteriana</kwd>
<kwd>Sudden death</kwd>
<kwd>non traumatic forensic neuropathology</kwd>
<kwd>secular aneurisms</kwd>
<kwd>epilepsy</kwd>
<kwd>venousarterial malformations</kwd>
<kwd>central nervous system neoplasias</kwd>
<kwd>non traumatic subarachnoid bleeding</kwd>
<kwd>bacterial meningitis</kwd>
<kwd>intraparenquimal haematoma</kwd>
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<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id pub-id-type="pid">S1409-001520090002</journal-id>
<journal-title>Medicina Legal de Costa Rica</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title>Med. leg. Costa Rica</abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>1409-0015</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name>Asociación Costarricense de Medicina Forense</publisher-name>
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<article-id>S1409-00152009000200005</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es">Quimerismo genético un nuevo paradigma para la medicina legal</article-title>
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<contrib-group>
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<given-names>José Luis</given-names>
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<aff id="A01">
<institution>,Universidad de Costa Rica Departamento de Anatomía </institution>
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<aff id="A02">
<institution>,Universidad de Costa Rica Departamento de Fisiología </institution>
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<volume>26</volume>
<fpage>73</fpage>
<lpage>78</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S1409-00152009000200005&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S1409-00152009000200005&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S1409-00152009000200005&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>El quimerismo genético un concepto no bien esclarecido en la comunidad científica, aún confundido con mosaicismo. En la presente revisión pretendemos definirlo con un enfoque legal y ejemplificarlo con una serie de casos descritos en la literatura médica, los cuales nos orientan a la diferencia clara entre mosaicismo y quimerismo. Dentro de esta serie separamos los casos que se relacionan con hermafroditismo y los no relacionados. Además, hacemos referencia a un nuevo concepto que genera polémica en la investigación, el microquimerismo, relacionado con transfusiones sanguíneas, transplantes y la génesis de las enfermedades autoinmunes.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>Genetic chimerism is a not well defined concept among the scientific community; it is still confused with mosaicism. In the following review we intend to define the concept with a legal point of view and exemplify it with a series of cases described in medical texts. The cases lead us to find the clear difference between mosaicism and chimerism. Contained in these series of cases we have separated the ones related with hemaphroditism from the ones that are not related. We also make reference to a new concept that generates controversy in the investigation; microchimerism, which is related with blood transfusions, transplants and genesis of autoimmune diseases..</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>Quimerismo</kwd>
<kwd>microquimerismo</kwd>
<kwd>mosaicismo</kwd>
<kwd>hermafroditismo</kwd>
<kwd>Chimerism</kwd>
<kwd>microchimerism</kwd>
<kwd>mosaicism</kwd>
<kwd>hemaphroditism</kwd>
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<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S1409-00152009000200006&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S1409-00152009000200006&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S1409-00152009000200006&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Se presenta la Osteotecnia en peróxido de hidrógeno y ácido acético como una herramienta para la conservacón de material óseo para fines docentes en colegios y universidades o de exhibición en museos o instituciones afines. Esta técnica de conservación de material óseo permite además rescatar piezas y estructuras óseas de difícil adquisición. Es un método rápido y muy baja toxicidad, fácil de aplicar y de un costo relativamente bajo en comparación con otros descritos en la literatura.</p></abstract>
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<aff id="A01">
<institution>,Departamento de Medicina Legal  </institution>
<addr-line> </addr-line>
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<aff id="A02">
<institution>,Departamento de Anatomía y del Postgrado en Medicina Legal  </institution>
<addr-line> </addr-line>
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<aff id="A03">
<institution>,Sección de Clínica Médico Forense  </institution>
<addr-line> </addr-line>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<month>09</month>
<year>2009</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<year>2009</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>26</volume>
<fpage>43</fpage>
<lpage>51</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S1409-00152009000200007&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S1409-00152009000200007&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S1409-00152009000200007&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Uno de los componentes más importantes de la violencia social son los delitos sexuales. La Sección de Clínica Médico Forense del Departamento de Medicina Legal se encarga de valorar una destacada proporción de los mismos las 24 horas del día, 365 días al año mediante el servicio médico forense ininterrumpido. A continuación se presentan los resultados de una revisión de la base de datos de dicha Sección del 01 de abril al 30 de junio de 2009 de la cual se obtiene el perfil de las víctimas.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>One of the most important issue in social violence is sexual crimes. &quot;the Section of Clínica Médico Forense&quot; of &quot;Departamento de Medinica Legal&quot; in Costa Rica is responsible for the atention of one important proportion of these 24 hours during 365 days a year by the continuous medical forensic service. Here are the results of a review from database of this section from the April 01 to June 30 of 2009 which gives the profile of the victims.</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>Delitos sexuales</kwd>
<kwd>servicio médico forense ininterrumpido</kwd>
<kwd>violación</kwd>
<kwd>víctimas</kwd>
<kwd>Sexual crimes</kwd>
<kwd>forensic medical service uninterrupted</kwd>
<kwd>rape</kwd>
<kwd>victim</kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
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<article-id>S1409-00152009000200008</article-id>
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<institution>,Universidad de Costa Rica  </institution>
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<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<month>09</month>
<year>2009</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<year>2009</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>26</volume>
<fpage>79</fpage>
<lpage>98</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S1409-00152009000200008&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S1409-00152009000200008&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S1409-00152009000200008&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Los adolescentes son vulnerables a adquirir ITS y VIH/SIDA por factores de riesgo como desconocimiento, sexo temprano, drogadicción, desigualdad social y de género y mitos. Las ITS más comunes son Gonorrea, Sífilis, VPH, VHS y Tricomonosis; todas son transmitidas por vía sexual sin embargo, Sífilis y Tricomonosis se pueden adquirir por otras vías de contacto. El SIDA es ocasionado por un retrovirus VIH, de transmisión sexual y transfusión sanguínea, se presenta en varias fases y lleva a la muerte. Los datos estadísticos de ONUSIDA/OMS muestran prevalencia de SIDA en población de 15 a 49 años, en Costa Rica por cada 10.000 habitantes hay 2.7 habitantes han contraído el virus del VIH/SIDA, según el último informe del Estado de la Nación. Es común que aparezcan nuevos casos de ITS, el 90 % entre los 15 - 30 años, y sobre todo en menores de 25 años. Dentro los métodos de prevención efectivos están la abstinencia, condón masculino y femenino, respecto a geles de nonoxinol-9 los estudios demuestran ineficacia y de las vacunas para VPH todavía está en estudio. Dentro del marco legal, hay penalización del delito de Propagación de enfermedades infecto-contagiosas y delito de Contagio Venéreo, también es vigente la ley del SIDA N&amp;deg; 7771. Además de la legislación que protege a adolescentes y demás población de Violación sexual y abuso sexual. Es necesario informar al adolescente de ITS y SIDA, porque es una población susceptible en el padecimiento de estas enfermedades. Aunque hay legislación en este tema, el derecho y la normativa parecen ir atrás de las necesidades de los posibles afectados.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>Teenager population due to many risk factors like unknowledge, early sex begining age, drug use and abuse, social and gender inequality and myths, is vulnerable to get transmited disease (STD) and HIV/AIDS. The most common STD found are gonorrhea, syphilis and trichomoniasis (HVP, syphilis and trichomoniasis have also other routes of transmition). AIDS is caused by a retrovirus, the HIV, it can be adquired by either sexual or blood transmition, it has several phases and now a days it can be considered a chronic disease but in log terms it will eventually cause death. Statistical data of ONU and WHO shows that AIDS prevalence in Costa Ricaof the population between 15 and 29 years old is 2,7 for each 10000 inhabitants. From the new causes of STD 90% will happen between the ages of 15 - 30 years and the vast majority in 25 years or younger. Within the effective prevention methods we have abstinence and condoms. Reports have shown the innefficiency of the nonoxinol-9 gels, the vaccine of HPV is still under investigation phases. Within the legal frame, it exist a crime penalty for the propagation of infectious diseases, the best traslation for the crime will be venereal contagion or venereal transmition. There is also the law 7771 refering to AIDS. Besides legislation protects child teenagers and rape or abuse victims. It is necessary to provide usefull and truthfull information to populations in risk of special concern to these case teenagers not only because they are an concern group but also according to law they have theright to protect themselves.</p></abstract>
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<kwd>Adolescencia</kwd>
<kwd>infecciones de transmisión sexual</kwd>
<kwd>delitos sexuales</kwd>
<kwd>ley</kwd>
<kwd>Adolescence</kwd>
<kwd>Sexual Transmission Disease</kwd>
<kwd>Rape</kwd>
<kwd>Law</kwd>
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<front>
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<journal-title>Medicina Legal de Costa Rica</journal-title>
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<article-meta>
<article-id>S1409-00152009000200009</article-id>
<title-group>
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<aff id="A01">
<institution>,JURISIS  </institution>
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<year>2009</year>
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<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<year>2009</year>
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<volume>26</volume>
<fpage>99</fpage>
<lpage>109</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S1409-00152009000200009&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S1409-00152009000200009&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S1409-00152009000200009&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>En los últimos quince años la inseguridad que soporta la sociedad costarricense, se ha agravado de manera vertiginosa, mientras la política criminal de los últimos gobiernos ha sido inconsistente e ineficaz. Algunos sostienen que el problema es más de percepción o de simple temor, aunque de julio de 2007 a julio de 2008, el 28% de los hogares del país, manifestaron haber sido víctimas de algún tipo de delito o agresión, mientras en 1997 ese porcentaje era del 15%, además el nivel de respuesta judicial a las víctimas de la delincuencia no supera el 10% y la impunidad ha crecido exageradamente. Las soluciones a nivel legislativo, policial, judicial y carcelario, son sencillas, pero tienen un gran obstáculo: la falta de voluntad de los dirigentes políticos.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>Over the past fifteen years, the insecurity that supports Costa Rican society, has worsened dramatically, while the criminal policy of recent governments has been inconsistent and ineffective. Some mantain that the problem is of perception or simple fear, but from July 2007 to July 2008, 28% of of the homes of these country said that they had been victims of any crime or aggression, while in 1997 this percentage was of 15%. Also the judicial level of answer to the victims of delinquency does not superpasse 10% and impunity has grown excessively. The solutions at the legislative, police, judiciary and prisons levels are simple but they have a great obstacle: the lack of will of politician leaders.</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>Inseguridad</kwd>
<kwd>temor a la delincuencia</kwd>
<kwd>victimización</kwd>
<kwd>impunidad</kwd>
<kwd>policía</kwd>
<kwd>administración de justicia penal</kwd>
<kwd>cárcel</kwd>
<kwd>víctima</kwd>
<kwd>contravenciones</kwd>
<kwd>delito de bagatela</kwd>
<kwd>escabino</kwd>
<kwd>delincuente</kwd>
<kwd>reincidencia</kwd>
<kwd>justicia restaurativa</kwd>
<kwd>participación ciudadana</kwd>
<kwd>Código Penal</kwd>
<kwd>Código Procesal Penal</kwd>
<kwd>Constitución Política</kwd>
<kwd>Insecurity</kwd>
<kwd>fear of delinquency</kwd>
<kwd>victimize</kwd>
<kwd>impunity</kwd>
<kwd>police</kwd>
<kwd>administration of penal justice</kwd>
<kwd>jail</kwd>
<kwd>victim</kwd>
<kwd>disobedience</kwd>
<kwd>crime of triviality</kwd>
<kwd>offender recidivism</kwd>
<kwd>restorative justice</kwd>
<kwd>citizen participation</kwd>
<kwd>Penal Code</kwd>
<kwd>Penal Procedure Code</kwd>
<kwd>Political Constitution</kwd>
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<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id pub-id-type="pid">S1409-001520090002</journal-id>
<journal-title>Medicina Legal de Costa Rica</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title>Med. leg. Costa Rica</abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>1409-0015</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name>Asociación Costarricense de Medicina Forense</publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S1409-00152009000200010</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es">Anomalías congénitas del sistema renal: agenesia renal izquierda asociada a variante arteriovenosa renal derecha y vena cava inferior</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Rodríguez Palomo</surname>
<given-names>David</given-names>
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<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
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<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Chacón Castro</surname>
<given-names>Patricia</given-names>
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<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Mora Chavarría</surname>
<given-names>John</given-names>
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<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A02"/>
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<aff id="A01">
<institution>,Universidad de Costa Rica Departamento de Anatomía de la Escuela de Medicina </institution>
<addr-line> </addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="A02">
<institution>,Universidad de Costa Rica  </institution>
<addr-line> </addr-line>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<month>09</month>
<year>2009</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<year>2009</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>26</volume>
<fpage>111</fpage>
<lpage>115</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S1409-00152009000200010&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S1409-00152009000200010&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S1409-00152009000200010&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Este trabajo describe la variante anatómica en un caso incidental de disección en la Escuela de Medicina de la Universidad de Costa Rica, el cual presenta agenesia renal izquierda con variante arteriovenosa renal derecha que consta de cinco arterias renales y dos venas renales, asociado a la variante anatómica del origen de la vena cava inferior ya que es superior a la arteria mesentérica inferior.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>This work describes the anatomic variation from an incidental case of dissection founded at Costa Rica’s University School of Medicine, which presents left renal agenesia with a right arteriovenous variant which consists of five renal arteries and two renal veins, related to the anatomic variant from the inferior cava vein, this variation its superior to the inferior mesenteric arterie.</p></abstract>
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<kwd>Agenesia renal</kwd>
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<kwd>Renal agenesis</kwd>
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