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<articles>
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id pub-id-type="pid">S1409-009020050001</journal-id>
<journal-title>Acta Pediátrica Costarricense</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title>Acta pediátr. costarric</abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>1409-0090</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name>Asociación Costarricense de Pediatría</publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S1409-00902005000100001</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es">Acta pediátrica Costarricense: Organo Oficial de la Asociación Costarricense de Pediatría</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Ávila-Agüero</surname>
<given-names>María L</given-names>
</name>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="A">
<institution>,  </institution>
<addr-line> </addr-line>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<year>2005</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<year>2005</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>19</volume>
<fpage>07</fpage>
<lpage>07</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S1409-00902005000100001&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S1409-00902005000100001&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S1409-00902005000100001&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri></article-meta>
</front>
</article>
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id pub-id-type="pid">S1409-009020050001</journal-id>
<journal-title>Acta Pediátrica Costarricense</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title>Acta pediátr. costarric</abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>1409-0090</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name>Asociación Costarricense de Pediatría</publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S1409-00902005000100002</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es">Estetoscopios: fuente potencial de infección nosocomial</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Álvares Calderón</surname>
<given-names>Tatiana</given-names>
</name>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Herrera Alvarado</surname>
<given-names>José Fabio</given-names>
</name>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Ávila-Agüero</surname>
<given-names>María L</given-names>
</name>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="A">
<institution>,  </institution>
<addr-line> </addr-line>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<year>2005</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<year>2005</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>19</volume>
<fpage>08</fpage>
<lpage>12</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S1409-00902005000100002&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S1409-00902005000100002&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S1409-00902005000100002&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Las infecciones nosocomiales son una causa significativa de morbimortalidad principalmente a nivel de las Unidades de Cuidado Intensivo Neonatal (UCIN). Diferentes instrumentos pueden resultar contaminados por patógenos; entré ellos el estetoscopio adquiere gran relevancia al ser de uso generalizado y actuar como fomite en la expansión de todo, tipo de patógenos. A pesar de la recomendación de limpiar los estetoscopios antes de usarlos con cada paciente esta no es una práctica generalizada. Objetivo: Detectar el porcentaje de estetoscopios contaminados con bacterias y cuantificar la reducción de esta contaminación de acuerdo al uso de diferentes sustancias antisépticas. Evaluar la práctica de limpieza utilizada por los usuarios de estetoscopios en el Hospital Nacional de Niños (HNN) Métodos: Se obtuvieron dos cultivos del diafragma de 112 estetoscopios de uso general y de uso exclusivo para cada paciente de la UCIN. Un primer cultivó se realizó basalmente al estetoscopio y se repitió luego de su limpieza con una de estas tres sustancias: alcohol, agua y jabón o agua. Se interrogó a la población sobre la frecuencia de limpieza de su estetoscopio y de la información recibida con respecto a los estetoscopios. Resultados: El 78% de los primeros cultivos realizados fue positivo por algún germen. El 80% de los estetoscopios de los médicos estaba contaminado. Luego de la limpieza del instrumento, sólo el 15% de los cultivos control fue positivo (p&lt;0.05). El porcentajes de estetoscopios con segundo cultivo positivo fue menor en el grupo en que se empleó agua y jabón (2/37:5%) en comparación con el grupo en que se utilizó alcohol (9/40:22%) o solo agua (6/35:17%) (p=0.1). EL 100% de los cultivos de estetoscopios de UCIN fue positivo por bacterias. El germen aislado con mayor frecuencia fue el Staphylococcus coagulasa negativo. El 78% de los médicos refirió limpiar sus estetoscopios, la mayoría en forma esporádica (una vez por semana o menos). El 77% de los médicos manifestó no haber recibido nunca información o educación sobre la limpieza de sus estetoscopios. Conclusiones: El alto porcentaje de estetoscopios contaminados en el HNN representa una potencial fuente de infección nosocomial. La reducción de la positividad de los cultivos de estetoscopios, luego de su limpieza demuestra la efectividad de la medida para reducir el riesgo de infección nosocomial independientemente de la sustancia antiséptica utilizada. Existe una falta de información en el equipo médico sobre la importancia de limpiar sus estetoscopios, por lo que es recomendable el fortalecimiento de programas de control de infección y la constante educación en los servicios hospitalarios para el cumplimiento de normas de asepsia y antisepsia</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>In Neonatal Intensive Care Units nosocomial infections are important cause of morbimortality. Different instruments can result contaminated by pathogens. The stethoscope takes more relevance because of its generalized use. They can transmit and expand al! kind of pathogens. Despite the recommendation to clean the stethoscopes before using them, this is not a generalized practice. Objectives: To detect the percentage of contaminated stethoscopes with bacteria. Quantify the reduction of this contamination in according with the use of different antiseptic substances. Evaluate the cleaning practice used by the owners of stethoscope in the National Children's Hospital of Costa Rica. Methods: Two cultures from the diaphragm of 112 stethoscopes of general use and exclusive use for each patient in the NICU were obtained. One base culture was performed to the stethoscope, and then repeated after cleaning it with one of three substances: alcohol, water and soap or water. The population was interrogated about the cleaning frequency of their stethoscope and about the information received concerning the stethoscopes. Results: 78% of the first cultures performed were positive for any germ. 80% of the physicians' stethoscopes were contaminated. After cleaning the instrument only 15% of the cultures were positive (p&lt; 0,05). The percentage of stethoscopes with second cultures positive was less in the group that used soap and water (2/37.5%) in comparison with the group that used alcohol (9/40:22%) or only water (6/35:17%) (p=0,1). 100% of the cultures of stethoscopes from the NICU were positive for bacteria. The most isolated germ was Staphylococcus coagulase negative. 78% of the physicians refered to clean their stethoscopes, the majority sporadically (once a week or less). 77% of the physicians refered that they never received information or education about cleaning the stethoscopes. Conclusions: The high percentage of contaminated stethoscopes in the Children 's Hospital represents a potential source of nosocomial infection. The reduction of the positive cultures after cleaning the stethoscopes, shows the effectiveness of the action to reduce de risk of nosocomial infection independently of the antiseptic substance used. There is a lack of information in the physicians'staff about the importance of cleaning their stethoscope. That's why it's important to reinforce infection control programs and medical continuous education for complay asepsis and antisepsis norms</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>Estetoscopios</kwd>
<kwd>nosocomiales</kwd>
<kwd>contaminación</kwd>
<kwd>Stethoscopes</kwd>
<kwd>nosocomial</kwd>
<kwd>contamination</kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front>
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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id pub-id-type="pid">S1409-009020050001</journal-id>
<journal-title>Acta Pediátrica Costarricense</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title>Acta pediátr. costarric</abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>1409-0090</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name>Asociación Costarricense de Pediatría</publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S1409-00902005000100003</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es">Tendencias de la inmunidad a la rubéola en mujeres de edad fértil y pre-escolares en Costa Rica 1969-1996</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Morice</surname>
<given-names>Ana</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>González</surname>
<given-names>Luis</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Castillo-Solórzano</surname>
<given-names>Carlos</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A02"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="A01">
<institution>,Instituto Costarricense de Investigación y Enseñanza en Nutrición y Salud  </institution>
<addr-line>Tres Ríos </addr-line>
<country>Costa Rica</country>
</aff>
<aff id="A02">
<institution>,Programa Ampliado de Inmunizaciones, Organización Panamericana de la Salud  </institution>
<addr-line>Washington, DC </addr-line>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<year>2005</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<year>2005</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>19</volume>
<fpage>13</fpage>
<lpage>18</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S1409-00902005000100003&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S1409-00902005000100003&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S1409-00902005000100003&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Determinar las tendencias de la inmunidad a la rubéola en pre-escolares y mujeres de edad fértil desde 1969 hasta 1996 en Costa Rica Métodos Se determinó el nivel de anticuerpos a rubéola en una sub-muestra de sueros recolectados durante la Encuesta Nacional de Nutrición de 1996. La muestra (EE=5%, confianza 95%) incluyó pre-escolares de 1 a &lt;7 años (n=259) y mujeres de 15-45 años (n=381). Los sueros se procesaron mediante la técnica de ELISA, considerando susceptibles los títulos IgG &lt;10 Ul/ml. Mediante el empleo de datos reportados por encuestas de seroprevalencia realizadas en 1969, 1973, 1980, 1985 y los resultados del 1996 se analizaron los cambios en el nivel de susceptibilidad a la rubéola en mujeres de 15 a 39 años y pre-escolares. Resultados En 1996, un 36. 5% de mujeres a 45 años) y 7.3% de pre-escolares eran susceptibles a la rubéola. Las diferencias de susceptibilidad entre zona urbana y rural no fueron estadísticamente significativas pre-escolares (8.0%, IC95%=4.3-12.4 vrs 6.2%, IC95%=2.1-11.3), ni en las mujeres en edad fértil (31.6%, IC95%=25.6-37.6 vrs 44.2% ; IC95%=36.1-52.4). Entre 1969 y 1996 el porcentaje de susceptibles a rubéola en pre-escolares se redujo de 86.3% (IC95%=84.5-88.1) a 7. 3% (IC95%=4.2-10.8), pero en mujeres de 15-39 años se elevó de 23.8% (IC95%=20.7-26.9) a 36. 5% (lC95%=31.5-41.5). Conclusiones Los patrones de inmunidad a la rubéola en Costa Rica cambiaron significativamente desde la introducción de la vacuna SRP en el esquema de vacunación infantil en 1986, desplazando, la susceptibilidad a las mujeres de edad fértil</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>To determine the trends in sero-susceptibility to rubella in pre-school children and women in fertile age from 1996 to 1996 in Costa Rica. Methods The antibodies levels to rubella were determined in pre-schoolers aged 1 to &lt;7 years (n=259) and 15-45 year-old women (n=381), using a sub-sample of the serum bank (SE=5%, confidence 95% ), representative at urban and rural level, of the 1996 National Survey of Nutrition. Sera samples were processed using ELISA technique;considering susceptible if IgG antibody levels &lt;10 UI/mL. We analyzed the trends in seroprevalence and changes in the percentage of susceptible to rubella in pre-schoolers and women 15-39 years using the surveys of the years 1969, 1973, 1980, 1985 and 1996. Results In 1996, 36.5% of women aged 15 a 45 years and 7. 3% of pre-schoolers were susceptible to rubella. No significant differences (p&lt;0.05) in susceptibility levels between urban and rural areas were found in pre-schoolers (8.0%, IC95%=4.3-12.4 vrs 6.2%, IC95%=2.1-11.3), nor women (31.6%, IC95%=25.6-37.6 vrs 44.2%, IC95%=36.1-52.4). Between 1969 and 1996 the percentage of susceptible pre-school children decreased from 86.3% (IC95%=84.5-88.1) to 7.3% (IC95%=4.2-10.8), but in women aged 15-39 years-old the proportion increased from 23.8% (IC95%=20.7-26.9) to 36.5% (IC95%=31.5-41.5). Conclusion The patterns of rubella immunity in Costa Rica changed since the introduction of MMR vaccine in one year old children in 1986, shifting the susceptible groups to the fertile women</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>Rubéola</kwd>
<kwd>seroprevalencia</kwd>
<kwd>inmunización</kwd>
<kwd>pre-escolares</kwd>
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