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<articles>
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<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id pub-id-type="pid">S1409-009020050002</journal-id>
<journal-title>Acta Pediátrica Costarricense</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title>Acta pediátr. costarric</abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>1409-0090</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name>Asociación Costarricense de Pediatría</publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S1409-00902005000200001</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es">¿Influenza aviar o influenza pandémica?</article-title>
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<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Salas Peraza</surname>
<given-names>Daniel</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="A01">
<institution>,Ministerio de Salud Dirección Vigilancia de la Salud </institution>
<addr-line> </addr-line>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<year>2005</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<year>2005</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>19</volume>
<fpage>9</fpage>
<lpage>9</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S1409-00902005000200001&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S1409-00902005000200001&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S1409-00902005000200001&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri></article-meta>
</front>
</article>
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id pub-id-type="pid">S1409-009020050002</journal-id>
<journal-title>Acta Pediátrica Costarricense</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title>Acta pediátr. costarric</abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>1409-0090</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name>Asociación Costarricense de Pediatría</publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S1409-00902005000200002</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es">Caracterización clínica del dengue hemorrágico en niños</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Alfaro</surname>
<given-names>Anabelle</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Guardia</surname>
<given-names>Mónica</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A02"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Wong</surname>
<given-names>Roy</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Angulo</surname>
<given-names>Dinia</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A02"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Wong</surname>
<given-names>Jenny</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A02"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Pérez</surname>
<given-names>María Teresa</given-names>
</name>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="A01">
<institution>,Programa de Análisis y Vigilancia Epidemiológica  </institution>
<addr-line> </addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="A02">
<institution>,Hospital Dr. Enrique Baltodano  </institution>
<addr-line> </addr-line>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<year>2005</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<year>2005</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>19</volume>
<fpage>11</fpage>
<lpage>16</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S1409-00902005000200002&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S1409-00902005000200002&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S1409-00902005000200002&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Objetivos: Determinar los síntomas presentes al ingreso que predicen evolución a dengue hemorrágico. Material y métodos: Se realizó un estudio de casos y controles de 88 pacientes ingresados el servicio de pediatría del Hospital &quot;Dr. Enrique Baltodano&quot; de Liberia en el año 2003. Los pacientes incluidos en el estudio tuvieron serología positiva IgM al egreso. Se realizó la fase descriptiva sexo, edad y posteriormente un análisis multivariado de las variables clínicas asociadas con evolución a dengue hemorrágico. Resultados De los 88 pacientes, 22 evolucionaron a dengue hemorrágico y 66 a dengue clásico. 39.8% (n=35) masculinos, 60.2% (n=53) femeninos. La edad promedio en años 5.2 años los dengues hemorrágicos y 7.7 años los dengues clásicos La estancia promedio en días: 4 para los diagnosticados por dengue hemorrágico y 2.7 los diagnosticados con dengue clásicos Dolor abdominal y dolor retroocular son los predictores independientes de dengue hemorrágico en niños. Los hallazgos de ultrasonido fueron ascitis en 45% (n=10) y 55% (n=12) además de ascitis, derrame pleural y edema de vesícula. Conclusiones: Dolor abdominal y retroocular detectados al ingreso son los predictores independientes de dengue hemorrágico.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>Objectives: To determine the symptoms present at admission that predict the evolution of hemorrhagic dengue. Materials y methods: A study of cases and controls of 88 patients admitted to the Pediatric Service at Dr. Enrique Baltodano Hospital, Liberia in 2003. The patients included in the study had positive lgM serology at discharge. Distribution by sex, mean age, evolution of illness at admission, and hospitalization days were calculated. A multivariate analysis was done on the clinical variables associated with evolution of hemorrhagic dengue. Results: Of the 88 patients 22 evolved as hemorrhagic dengue and 66 as classic dengue. 39.8% (n=35) males, 60.2% (n=53) females. Mean age in years 5.2 for hemorrhagic dengue and 7.7 for classic dengue. The average hospitalization days were 4 for the hemorrhagic dengue and 2.7 for the classical. Abdominal pain and retroocular pain are the independent predictors of hemorrhagic dengue in children. The ultrasound findings were 45% (n=10) with ascites, and 55% (n=12) with ascites, pleural effusion and galI bladder edema. Conclusions: The abdominal pain and retroocular pain detected at admission are the independent predictors for hemorrhagic dengue.</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>Dengue hemorrágico</kwd>
<kwd>dolor abdominal</kwd>
<kwd>ultrasonido</kwd>
<kwd>plaquetas</kwd>
<kwd>dolor retroocular</kwd>
<kwd>Hemorrhagic dengue</kwd>
<kwd>abdominal pain</kwd>
<kwd>ultrasound</kwd>
<kwd>platelets</kwd>
<kwd>retroocular pain</kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
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<journal-id pub-id-type="pid">S1409-009020050002</journal-id>
<journal-title>Acta Pediátrica Costarricense</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title>Acta pediátr. costarric</abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>1409-0090</issn>
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<publisher-name>Asociación Costarricense de Pediatría</publisher-name>
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<article-id>S1409-00902005000200003</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es">Síndrome nefrótico primario en niños de Costa Rica: Correlación clínico-patológica</article-title>
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<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Fernández</surname>
<given-names>Sara</given-names>
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<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
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<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Carranza</surname>
<given-names>Alfonso</given-names>
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<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A02"/>
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<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Madrigal</surname>
<given-names>Gilbert</given-names>
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<aff id="A01">
<institution>,Residente de nefrología  </institution>
<addr-line> </addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="A02">
<institution>,Servicio de Patología  </institution>
<addr-line> </addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="A03">
<institution>,Hospital Nacional de Niños Dr. Carlos Sáenz Herrera  </institution>
<addr-line>San José </addr-line>
<country>Costa Rica</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<year>2005</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<year>2005</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>19</volume>
<fpage>17</fpage>
<lpage>26</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S1409-00902005000200003&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S1409-00902005000200003&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S1409-00902005000200003&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>La biopsia renal percutánea ha permitido conocer y clasificar la anatomía patológica del SNI y poder efectuar una correlación entre la evolución clínica y la respuesta al tratamiento, como fue establecido por el Comité Internacional de enfermedad Renal Pediátrica (ISKDC). Objetivo: Describir los hallazgos histopatológicos en las biopsias renales de pacientes con síndrome nefrótico primario y su correlación con las características clínicas y su respuesta al tratamiento. Se realizó una revisión retrospectiva en dos periodos de 5 años cada uno, de los expedientes de todos los pacientes de la consulta de Nefrología del Hospital Nacional de Niños con el diagnóstico de síndrome nefrótico idiopático y que se les había realizado biopsia renal percutánea entre enero 1993 y diciembre 1997, denominado grupo A, y el segundo periodo entre enero de 1998 y el 31 de diciembre del 2002, denominado grupo B. Resultados: Se recolectaron un total de 81 pacientes, de los cuales 14 se descartaron por no cumplir los criterios de inclusión. Del total de 67 pacientes entre el grupo A y B que fueron seleccionados, 37 (55%) eran hombres y 30 mujeres (45%) (p &lt; 0,05). La distribución por sexo muestra mayor incidencia en varones en relación a SNER. Se encontró que la edad media de los pacientes con SNER y SNED en comparación con la edad pico habitual en SN del niño era mayor (edad media 4,8+-3,4). De los 31 pacientes con síndrome nefrótico esteroide resistente inicial, 35,5% tenían GNMDL, 29% LM, 29% GEFS y 6,5% GM (p &lt; 0,05). De los 27 pacientes con síndrome nefrótico esteroide dependiente 63% tenían LM y 33% con GNMDL, 4% GM y ninguno con GEFS (p&lt; 0,05) Los pacientes esteroides resistentes tardíos son 83% con LM y 17% con GEFS. Los 2 pacientes con recaídas frecuentes ambos tenían LM, y un paciente con ECMBG. La hematuria fue la manifestación más frecuente en un 24% de estos el 47% tenían GNMDL, y el 27% GEFS y LM (p &lt; 0,05); la hipertensión se presentó en un 16%, de los cuales el 40% con GNMDL, el 30% con GEFS y un 20% con LM. (p &lt; 0,05) Por último la elevación de la creatinina se presentó en 9% de los cuales 50% con GNMDL y 33% GEFS (p &gt; 0,05) El 35% de los SNER iniciales respondieron al tratamiento con citotóxico, en cambio los SNERT el 60% respondieron mientras que en los SNED el 75% respondió a los citotóxicos (p &gt; 0,05) Hay una relación clara entre la histologia y la respuesta al citotóxico, 71% con LM, 59% para GNMDL y 50% para GNM. Una ausencia de la respuesta en el caso de la GEFS (p &lt; 0,05) Entre los efectos secundarios al uso del citotóxico, uno de los más importantes fue eosinofilia relacionada con la dosis de ciclofosfamida (p = 0,002). Conclusión: El SNI con una respuesta inadecuada a los esteroides es más frecuente en los varones, tiene como presentación histológica más frecuente las LM. En nuestra serie se observó una mayor frecuencia de GNMDL en los pacientes con SNER, no así de pacientes con GEFS, pudiendo existir talvez algún factor genético o ambiental que explique estas diferencias. El factor clínico de mayor importancia para realizar biopsia renal fue la respuesta inicial a los esteroides y la edad del paciente al momento del diagnóstico, por lo que podría ser importante poner en revisión los criterios de biopsia en pacientes con síndrome nefrótico.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>Introduction: Percutaneous renal biopsy have made posible to evaluate the renal histology and make clinico pathological correlations (ISKD). Methods: A retrospective analysis in two consecutive 5 years group A and group B review of all the renal biopsies perfomed at the Hospital Nacional de Niños of San José, Costa Rica, a 350 beds pediatric teaching hospital. Results: From a total of 81 cases, 14 ere excluded due to lack of complete information. From the 67 cases (group A and group B together) 37 (55%) were male and 30 (45%) were female (p less than 0.05). The age of patients with SRNS (steroid resistant nephritic syndrome) and with SDNS (steroid dependant nephritic syndrome) had a peak age (4.8 + 3.4 years old) older than usual peak age of the idiopatic nephritic syndrome in children. Of 31 patients with SRNS: 35% MGDGN (mild mesangial glomerulonephritis), 29% ML (minimal lesion), 29% FSGS and 6.5% MG (membranous glomerulonephiritis) (p less than 0.05). Of the 27 patients with SDNS 63% ML, 33% MDGN, 4% MG and none with. (p less than 0.05). The 2 patients with FRNS (frequently relapsing nephritic syndrome) both had ML. Among the clinical parameters hematuria was the most frequently found: 47% MDGN, 27% FSGS and 27% ML. (p less than 0.05). Abnormally elevated serum creatinine was rarely observed and it was only in 30% FSGS and 30% of ML. (p less than 0.05). Regarding response to treatment with oral cyclophosphamide only 35% of SRNS responde while 75% SDNS responded. (p less than 0.05). Response to cyclophosphamide and the type of histology was as follows: ML: 71% responded 59% for MDGN and 50% MG.</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>Síndrome nefrótico idiopático</kwd>
<kwd>correlación anatomopatológica</kwd>
<kwd>esteroide resistente</kwd>
<kwd>esteroide dependiente</kwd>
<kwd>citotóxico sensible resistente</kwd>
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<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S1409-00902005000200004&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S1409-00902005000200004&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S1409-00902005000200004&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>La influenza es una de las enfermedades infecciosas que resultan en una alta carga de enfermedad por las epidemias estacionales que produce cada año. También puede producir pandemias con alta disrupción social y pérdidas económicas. La pandemia de gripe española de 1918 ocasionó entre 20 y 40 millones de muertes a nivel mundial. Ante la inminencia de una pandemia producida probablemente por la cepa A/H5N1, la elaboración de los planes de preparación contra la pandemia de influenza debe ser una prioridad en todos los países. La vigilancia epidemiológica y la preparación de vacunas son imprescindibles para el control de la influenza y prevenir sus efectos devastadores. La producción de vacunas contra influenza estacional es muy limitada, actualmente es de 300 millones de dosis a nivel mundial y todo el ciclo de producción toma aproximadamente entre 6 y 9 meses después de la identificación de los virus circulantes. En caso de una pandemia se requerirá dos dosis de vacuna para proteger a cada individuo, por lo cual se estima que sólo un 14% de la población¹ tendría acceso a una vacuna monovalente en los primeros meses de la pandemia. En el marco de los planes nacionales de preparación contra la pandemia, la vacunación de la población a mayor riesgo debe estar claramente definida antes de la crisis y no durante la misma. La vacunación en caso de pandemia es una de las intervenciones más efectivas para su control, sin embargo la disponibilidad de la vacuna pandémica será muy limitada durante la primera ola de la misma, especialmente para países que no son productores de vacunas.</p></abstract>
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<article-id>S1409-00902005000200006</article-id>
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<aff id="A01">
<institution>,Médico residente de Pediatria  </institution>
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<institution>,Jefe Servicio de Endocrinología  </institution>
<addr-line>San José </addr-line>
<country>Costa Rica</country>
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<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S1409-00902005000200006&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S1409-00902005000200006&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S1409-00902005000200006&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Se describe la presentación de un caso en un niño de 4 años y un mes con el diagnóstico de pubertad precoz central o &quot;verdadera&quot; y hamartoma hipotalámico. El diagnóstico definitivo se estableció con base en la presencia de un desarrollo puberal temprano, un patrón con test de estimulación hormonal compatible con pubertad de origen central y estudios de imágenes que evidenciaron la presencia de una masa sólida tipo hamartoma. La pubertad precoz es una patología de importancia, debido a las implicaciones en el desarrollo sexual prematuro, la baja talla secundaria, la rápida maduración esquelética y las dificultades psicosociales que el niño enfrenta. El hamartoma del hipotálamo es una de las causas que producen pubertad precoz central y debe sospecharse sobre todo en niños con cambios puberales a edades muy tempranas.</p></abstract>
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<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S1409-00902005000200007&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S1409-00902005000200007&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S1409-00902005000200007&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>La Deficiencia de Acil CoA Deshidrogenasa de Ácidos Grasos de Cadena Media (MCADD; OMIM 201450) es el trastorno de la &amp;#946;-oxidaci&amp;#963;n más comúnmente diagnosticado en humanos. Se hereda de forma autosómica recesiva y presenta una frecuencia que varía entre 1:4900 y 1:25000. La mutación más frecuente es la A985G que se observa en condición homocigoto en 81% de los casos y heterocigoto compuesto en 18%. El bloqueo enzimático lleva a la acumulación de ésteres de acilcarnitinas de cadena media lo cual permite la detección temprana de la enfermedad mediante el análisis de Espectrometría de Masas (MS/MS) y su posterior confirmación molecular. El primer caso de MCADD en Costa Rica fue detectado por MS/MS en el Laboratorio Nacional de Tamizaje y la presencia de la mutación A985G fue confirmada por métodos moleculares. La mutación afecta una región lejana del sitio activo que participa en el empaquetamiento de la proteína, proceso que es asistido por los chaperones moleculares. Hasta la fecha, el paciente permanece asintomático lo ucal podría explicarse por una serie de factores genéticos y ambientales que permiten mantener, parcialmente, la actividad de la enzima.</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
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