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<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id pub-id-type="pid">S1409-009020090001</journal-id>
<journal-title>Acta Pediátrica Costarricense</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title>Acta pediátr. costarric</abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>1409-0090</issn>
<publisher>
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<article-meta>
<article-id>S1409-00902009000100001</article-id>
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<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<year>2009</year>
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<volume>21</volume>
<fpage>05</fpage>
<lpage>07</lpage>
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<front>
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<journal-id pub-id-type="pid">S1409-009020090001</journal-id>
<journal-title>Acta Pediátrica Costarricense</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title>Acta pediátr. costarric</abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>1409-0090</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name>Asociación Costarricense de Pediatría</publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
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<article-id>S1409-00902009000100002</article-id>
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<article-title xml:lang="es">Dengue, Dengue hemorrágico</article-title>
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<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S1409-00902009000100002&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S1409-00902009000100002&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S1409-00902009000100002&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>El Dengue ó Fiebre por Dengue, es una enfermedad febril producida por uno de los cuatro serotipos del virus Dengue, que pertenecen al grupo de virus transmitidos por artrópodos (Arthropod-Borne-Virus ó Arbovirus). La transmisión se hace por medio de la hembra del mosquito Aedes aegypti, que pertenece al género Flavivirus de la familia Flaviridae. El Dengue es la enfermedad transmitida por vectores más frecuente en todo el mundo. Desde 1993 en Costa Rica el Dengue es una enfermedad endémica en las costas del océano Pacífico y del mar Caribe. Durante estos años y hasta el 8 de septiembre del 2007 la prevalencia de Dengue Clásico es de 4.087 casos por 100.000 habitantes, de Dengue Hemorrágico 14 casos por 100.000 habitantes para una tasa de letalidad por dengue hemorrágico de 0.02%. Entre la inoculación del virus por la mosquita Aedes y la aparición de los síntomas hay un lapso de 3 á 14 días, en promedio 7 días. Es el período de incubación de la enfermedad. Existen 4 grupos antigénicos o serotipos de virus del Dengue: DEN-1, DEN-2, DEN- 3 y DEN-4. El DEN-1 tiene sólo 7 biotipos, y el DEN-2, 34 biotipos. Las hemorragias que se producen en el Dengue son el producto de las lesiones en el endotelio vascular, de la trombocitopenia, de la disfunción de las plaquetas y de la alteración de los factores de coagulación. La lesión de las &quot;esclusas&quot; de la Zonula Occludens provoca un escape de líquidos del espacio intra-vascular al espacio extra-vascular. La hipovolemia desencadena una serie de respuestas homeostáticas que tienen como fin mantener una mejor perfusión de los órganos más nobles de la economía en detrimento de otros órganos como son la piel y los músculos. El periodo febril dura de 3 á 7 días, y el día de la defervescencia (día cero) el paciente evolucionará hacia la convalecencia ó hacia el Dengue Hemorrágico. En los primeros días suele aparecer exantema generalizado, con palidez de la piel al hacer presión sobre ella. Las manos y pies se tornan hiperhémicos y en la convalecencia hay descamación de la piel de las extremidades. La mejor prevención es la destrucción de los criaderos de larvas de Aedes. Las vacunas contra Dengue están en proceso de investigación.</p></abstract>
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<kwd>Aedes aegypti</kwd>
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<abbrev-journal-title>Acta pediátr. costarric</abbrev-journal-title>
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<article-id>S1409-00902009000100003</article-id>
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<institution>,Caja Costarricense de Seguro Social Hospital Nacional de Niños Servicio de Neonatología</institution>
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<country>Costa Rica</country>
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<copyright-statement/>
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<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S1409-00902009000100003&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S1409-00902009000100003&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S1409-00902009000100003&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Desde la etapa prenatal, la organización neuro-fisiológica del bebé lo prepara para realizar con efectividad los procesos vitales de succión, deglución y respiración. Los reflejos y experiencias intrauterinas le permitirán poder alimentarse inmediatamente al nacer. Se estima que cerca del término de la gestación, el feto humano deglute entre 500-1000cc de líquido amniótico cada día. El pico de sinaptogénesis sucede entre 34 y 36 semanas de edad gestacional, que es el tiempo donde la succión nutritiva es segura. El ritmo de la succión se establece a las 32 semanas. El proceso de alimentarse sufre encefalización cuando los reflejos son integrados, entonces pasa de un ritmo de alimentación reflejo, a tener la capacidad de alterar voluntaria y cualitativamente la estrategia de alimentación. Este proceso se consolida debido a la integración sensoriomotora de la deglución con la respiración, la coordinación ojo-mano, el tono muscular normal, la postura y un apropiado ambiente psicosocial. Alimentarse, especialmente en los primeros años de vida, es un proceso mutuo, se necesitan dos personas para lograrlo, y por eso, si alguna de las dos carece de las habilidades necesarias, esto puede generar problemas de la alimentación. (1-2- 3- 4) Nada sustituye la valoración realizada con una historia clínica y un examen físico dirigidos a valorar cuán efectiva es la fase oral y faríngea mientras el bebé es alimentado. Cuando se presenten dificultades, la intervención debe ser activa, eso incluye la toma de decisiones médicas y quirúrgicas, protección de la vía aérea, suministro del aporte calórico idóneo para las necesidades del infante. Se deben además brindar estrategias maduracionales para su nivel de desarrollo alimentario actual y para ir adquiriendo las habilidades esperadas en el futuro cercano y tardío.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>Since the prenatal stage, due to neuro-physiologic organization the baby is prepared to feed immediately after birth. Close to full term, the baby swallows almost one liter of amniotic fluid per day. Nutritive sucking is established at 34-36 weeks when the highest point of synaptogenesis occurs, and the sucking rhythm is established at 32 weeks. Feeding matures when encephalization occurs and it allows the baby to manage the process voluntarily. It is necessary to have coordination, muscular tone, the right posture and proper social support to achieve it. Especially in the first years of life the presence of two persons is essential in the feeding process, if any of the elements lacks the required abilities, feeding problems can appear. The best way to evaluate the feeding process is throughout clinic history, physical examination and by closely observing the baby during the feeding time. When there are feeding problems, it is necessary to protect the respiratory tract, bring nutritional support and strategies to help the child in his actual maturational level as well as to offer strategies that will help him to achieve milestones in the future.</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>lactantes</kwd>
<kwd>problemas de alimentación</kwd>
<kwd>período crítico</kwd>
<kwd>período sensitivo</kwd>
<kwd>infante con necesidades especiales</kwd>
<kwd>fase oral</kwd>
<kwd>fase faríngea</kwd>
<kwd>sello adecuado</kwd>
<kwd>sello inadecuado</kwd>
<kwd>infante organizado</kwd>
<kwd>infante desorganizado</kwd>
<kwd>bajo flujo</kwd>
<kwd>alto flujo</kwd>
<kwd>infants</kwd>
<kwd>feeding problems</kwd>
<kwd>critical period</kwd>
<kwd>sensitive period</kwd>
<kwd>infant with special needs</kwd>
<kwd>oral phase</kwd>
<kwd>pharyngeal phase</kwd>
<kwd>Latch on</kwd>
<kwd>Poor Latch on</kwd>
<kwd>organized infant</kwd>
<kwd>disorganized infant</kwd>
<kwd>low flow</kwd>
<kwd>high flow</kwd>
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<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S1409-00902009000100004&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S1409-00902009000100004&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S1409-00902009000100004&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Objetivo: Como nuestro país carece de un análisis descriptivo y a largo plazo de los pacientes con Fibrosis Quística, nuestro objetivo principal en esta investigación, es determinar la expresión fenotípica y la variación en la mortalidad en los pacientes con diagnóstico de FQ en el Hospital Nacional de Niños &quot;Dr. Carlos Sáenz Herrera&quot;, en los 20 años comprendidos entre 1983 y 2003. Métodos: Es un estudio descriptivo, con información recopilada en forma retrospectiva, basado en los registros y expedientes médicos de los pacientes, los casos fueron identificados a través del registro electrónico del Servicio de Neumología. Resultados: En el período comprendido entre el primero de enero 1983 y el 31 de diciembre 2003 se diagnosticaron 59 casos con Fibrosis Quística, que cumplieron los criterios de inclusión ( expresión fenotípica de la enfermedad y valores de cloruros en sudor igual o mayor a 60 mEq/L). Las provincias con mayor frecuencia de casos fueron Alajuela y San José. La mayoría de estos niños fueron diagnosticados antes de los 3 años (n=44, 74.6%); la edad media al momento del diagnóstico fue de 2 años 7 meses. En cuanto a la frecuencia de síntomas y signos al momento del diagnóstico, la presentación más frecuente fueron los síntomas pulmonares en 37 pacientes (62.7%). Cuatro sujetos tenían historia familiar positiva de Fibrosis Quística. Se registró un promedio de 6.2 hospitalizaciones por paciente; y el rango varió de 0 a 31 internamientos por sujeto. Entre las complicaciones se identificaron: prolapso rectal, colelitiasis, hepatopatía, cirrosis hepática, hemoptisis, Diabetes Mellitus, hipocratismo digital. En el análisis de los cultivos de esputo, se encontró más frecuentemente Pseudomona aeruginosa (n= 30). De los 59 pacientes, 14 fallecieron (23.7%). La edad media al momento del fallecimiento fue de 5 años 9 meses. Se reportó una media de sobrevida de 156.8 meses y una mediana de 141 meses. De los 45 pacientes que permanecían vivos para el 31 de diciembre del 2003, la edad media fue de 8 años 9 meses. La paciente con mayor edad fue de 24 años 4 meses. Conclusiones: En general, los pacientes con Fibrosis Quística viven más que en el pasado, pero todavía presentan infecciones pulmonares crónicas y otras complicaciones médicas relacionadas a su enfermedad, incluyendo diabetes, bronconeumonía, hepatopatía con cirrosis, prolapso rectal y hemoptisis.</p></abstract>
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<kwd>fenotipo</kwd>
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<kwd>población pediátrica</kwd>
<kwd>complicaciones</kwd>
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<journal-title>Acta Pediátrica Costarricense</journal-title>
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<article-title xml:lang="en">Severe asthmatic crisis in children aged 6 through 13 years: analysis and follow up after discharge from the intensive care unit</article-title>
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<institution>,Universidad de Costa Rica Sistema de Estudios de Posgrado Posgrado en Pediatría</institution>
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<institution>,Caja Costarricense de Seguro Social Hospital Nacional de Niños Dr. Carlos Sáenz Herrera Servicio de Neumología</institution>
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<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<year>2009</year>
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<pub-date pub-type="epub">
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<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S1409-00902009000100005&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S1409-00902009000100005&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S1409-00902009000100005&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Objetivo: Costa Rica es uno de los países que ocupa una de las más altas prevalencias de asma bronquial en niños y adolescentes reportadas a nivel mundial. Se conoce muy poco sobre la prevalencia del asma grave en niños costarricenses y sobre la forma en que nuestro sistema de salud ha brindado apoyo y seguimiento médico a nivel ambulatorio, una vez que los pacientes pediátricos egresan de una unidad de cuidados intensivos posterior a una crisis asmática grave. Se plantea describir las características demográficas, epidemiológicas, las características clínicas, el plan de manejo ambulatorio, la condición actual y la mortalidad de niños asmáticos que egresaron de unidad de cuidados intensivos luego de una crisis asmática grave. Métodos: Se revisaron, en forma retrospectiva, los expedientes clínicos de todos aquellos niños de ambos sexos, con edades de 6 a 13 años, que egresaron de la unidad de cuidados intensivos con el diagnóstico de crisis asmática grave, entre enero 2000 a diciembre 2006. Posteriormente, en forma prospectiva, se contactó a una muestra de 20 pacientes y sus padres en la consulta externa de Neumología del Hospital Nacional de Niños &quot;Dr. Carlos Sáenz Herrera&quot;, donde se aplicó un cuestionario y se realizó una espirometría. Resultados: En total se revisaron 75 expedientes de los cuales 33 eran del género masculino y 42 del género femenino. Más de la mitad de los niños tenían entre 6 y 9 años. La mayoría provenían de San José. El internamiento en la unidad de cuidados intensivos en la mayoría de los niños estuvo entre 2 y 4 días. Casi todos los pacientes eran conocidos asmáticos y recibían tratamiento. La principal indicación para el ingreso a la unidad de cuidados intensivos fue la necesidad de una infusión de salbutamol. Dentro de las drogas administradas en la unidad de cuidados intensivos todos recibieron salbutamol y bromuro de ipratropium en nebulización. Otras drogas utilizadas fueron los esteroides intravenosos, salbutamol intravenoso, aminofilina IV, sulfato de magnesio y antibióticos. La ventilación mecánica se utilizó en 14 pacientes. De los 20 pacientes entrevistados continuaban con sintomatología persistente y habían experimentado otra crisis asmática 6 pacientes. Además se determinó que al menos 40 pacientes continuaban control en consulta externa de neumología del Hospital Nacional de Niños &quot;Dr. Carlos Sáenz Herrera&quot;. Falleció 1 paciente para una mortalidad de 1,33% en 7 años. Conclusiones: Este estudio demuestra que el número de internamientos por asma en el Hospital Nacional de Niños &quot;Dr. Carlos Sáenz Herrera&quot; ha disminuido consistentemente en los últimos seis años, y particularmente en los últimos tres. El comportamiento del número de ingresos por asma grave a la unidad de cuidados intensivos sigue un patrón similar al descrito en las hospitalizaciones por asma en el hospital, con un promedio de 11 pacientes por año en los últimos 7 años, pero llegando a tan solo 6 pacientes en el año 2006. La distribución de esta población por género es muy similar, con un ligero predominio del sexo femenino. El 50% de los pacientes admitidos por asma grave a la unidad de cuidados intensivos eran menores de 8 años, al mismo tiempo que se observa una baja tasa de admisión entre pre-adolescentes de ambos sexos. Las cuatro indicaciones más comunes por las cuales un paciente fue admitido a la unidad de cuidados intensivos con asma grave fueron: 1. La necesidad de iniciar tratamiento con salbutamol en infusión continua endovenosa (70%); 2. Fallo ventilatorio inminente (20%); 3. fugas de aire (neumotórax, neumopericardio, enfisema subcutáneo) (2%) y 4. Otras (8%). En la actualidad la experiencia clínica ha demostrado que los pacientes con infusión IV de salbutalmol, pueden ser manejados en forma segura, con monitoreo no invasivo a nivel de las salas de observación en los servicios de urgencias, o bien en los salones de hospitalización general. A pesar de las controversias en torno a la eficacia real de la aminofilina y los efectos adversos que se le atribuyen, esta sigue siendo parte del tratamiento del status asmático en muchos centros y es aún recomendada por la mayoría de las guías internacionales sobre el manejo del asma.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>Aim: Costa Rica is one of the countries with a highest prevalence of asthma in children and adolescents worldwide. The purpose of this study was to describe all the children aged 6 to 13 years, admitted to a ICU between January 2000 to December 2006 because of a acute severe asthmatic crisis. Methods: We review the medical charts of all the patients and interviewed a random sample of 20 parents. Parents were asked about the child’s condition after he was delivered of the hospital, their asthma management practices, the severity of the symptoms and the present medications. Also, their children receive spirometry testing. Results: A total of 75 patients were included in the analysis; 33 were boys and 42 girls. The main decision to admit the children to the ICU was to commence an IV infusion of salbutamol (75.6%). Other pharmacologic agents used included nebulized B2 agonists (100%), nebulized ipratropium bromide (100%), IV steroids (93%) , IV aminophylline (56%), magnesium sulfate (28%) and antibiotics (40%). Mechanical ventilation was necessary in 18.6% of admissions. The average stay for our patient group in ICU was 3.28 days. After the hospitalization, there was at least 10 patients of the random sample without follow-up and 11 receiving no preventive-treatment. Conclusions: There has been a decrease in the number of hospital admissions for asthma in the past 6 years. Actually, it has been demonstrated that salbutamol IV is safely and effective in treating infants with acute severe exacerbations of asthma not necessarily in a ICU. Families often do not have written asthma action plans. Effective outpatient care is believed to prevent hospitalization and emergency department visits resulting from childhood asthma.</p></abstract>
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<kwd>severe asthmatic crisis</kwd>
<kwd>intensive care</kwd>
<kwd>children</kwd>
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<front>
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<journal-id pub-id-type="pid">S1409-009020090001</journal-id>
<journal-title>Acta Pediátrica Costarricense</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title>Acta pediátr. costarric</abbrev-journal-title>
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<article-meta>
<article-id>S1409-00902009000100006</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es">Posibles factores de riesgo asociados a una estancia hospitalaria prolongada de los pacientes en la Unidad de Neonatología del Hospital San Vicente de Paúl</article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="en">Risk factors associated to a prolong hospitalization in patients at the Hospital San Vicente de Paúl Neonatology Unit</article-title>
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<aff id="A01">
<institution>,Hospital San Vicente de Paúl Unidad de Epidemiología </institution>
<addr-line> </addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="A02">
<institution>,Area de Salud Alajuela Sur  </institution>
<addr-line> </addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="A03">
<institution>,Hopital San Juan de Dios  </institution>
<addr-line> </addr-line>
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<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<year>2009</year>
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<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<year>2009</year>
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<fpage>41</fpage>
<lpage>46</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S1409-00902009000100006&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S1409-00902009000100006&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S1409-00902009000100006&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Objetivo: El presente estudio pretende identificar los posibles factores de riesgo asociados a una estancia hospitalaria prolongada de los pacientes de la Unidad de Neonatología del Hospital San Vicente de Paúl durante el primer semestre del 2007. Métodos: Estudio no experimental, transversal, descriptivo. Se utilizó el total de los egresos ocurridos en la Unidad de Neonatología del Hospital San Vicente de Paúl; desde el 1 de enero hasta el 30 de junio del 2007. Se realizó una estadística descriptiva mediante Excel 2007, y Epi-Info versión 3.3.2. Para identificar posibles asociaciones entre las variables en estudio y el tiempo de estancia hospitalaria, se realizó un análisis multivariado por regresión logística, empleando el programa estadístico Egret®. Resultados: Los tres primeros diagnósticos de egresos corresponden a la ictericia y sepsis neonatal, seguidos por la taquipnea transitoria del recién nacido. El promedio de estancia hospitalaria fue de 5,6 días. Se encontró una relación estadística entre las variables Apgar menor o igual a 6, recién nacido de pretérmino y los diagnósticos sepsis neonatal, trastornos respiratorios, hipoxia perinatal y Lues congénita con una estancia hospitalaria mayor a 6 días. Al realizar el análisis multivariado por medio de regresión logística, la variable Apgar y los diagnósticos trastorno respiratorio y sepsis neonatal, perdieron significancia estadística. No se encontró ninguna relación con la vía de parto. Conclusiones: En este estudio pudimos observar que existe una posible asociación entre las variables prematuridad, hipoxia perinatal y Lues congénita con una estancia en el servicio de neonatología igual o mayor a los 6 días. La vía de parto per se no constituyó un factor que se pudiera considerar como sospechoso de producir estancia hospitalaria prolongada, pero la hipoxia perinatal si lo fue. La información analizada en este estudio debería ser complementada con otro estudio que contemple las principales causas de esta prematuridad a nivel local, y con ello brindar recomendaciones en caso de que algunas de éstas sean prevenibles.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>Aim: This study pretends to identify possible risk factors associated to a prolonged stay in the Neonatal unit in the Hospital San Vicente de Paúl during the first semester of 2007. Methods: A non experimental, transversal and descriptive study. It includes all the discharged in the neonatal unit of the Hospital San Vicente de Paúl; from January the first till June the 30 of 2007. The descriptive statistic was worked out with Excel 2007 and Epi-info 3.3.2 version. To identify possible associations within the variables of this study and the hospital stay, a multivariate analysis using logistic regression was used by the statistic program Egret®. Results: The first three discharge diagnostics were jaundice, neonatal sepsis followed by transitory taquipnea of the new born. The average hospital stay was 5.6 days. A statistical relationship was observed between Apgar &amp;#8804; 6, a premature new born and the diagnostics of neonatal sepsis, respiratory disorders, perinatal hypoxia and congenital LUES with a hospital stay over 6 days. The variable Apgar, respiratory disorders and neonatal sepsis lost statistical significance after thorough analysis. Conclusions: This study was carried out to determine factors that may determine lengths of stay in the Neonatal unit in the Hospital San Vicente de Paúl. Possible statistical relationship were observed between Apgar equal or less than 6, a premature new born and the diagnostics of neonatal sepsis, respiratory disorders, perinatal hypoxia and congenital LUES with a hospital stay over 6 days. The data provided must be complemented with other studies to determine the main causes that determine length of stay and ways in which to prevent them.</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>larga estancia</kwd>
<kwd>neonatología</kwd>
<kwd>factores de riesgo</kwd>
<kwd>prolonged hospital stay</kwd>
<kwd>neonatology</kwd>
<kwd>risk factors</kwd>
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<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id pub-id-type="pid">S1409-009020090001</journal-id>
<journal-title>Acta Pediátrica Costarricense</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title>Acta pediátr. costarric</abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>1409-0090</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name>Asociación Costarricense de Pediatría</publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S1409-00902009000100007</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es">Enfermedad de Addison en una gemela de 19 meses</article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="en">Addison’s disease in a 19 months old twin girl</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
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<surname>Ulate-Campos</surname>
<given-names>Adriana</given-names>
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<surname>Jaramillo-Lines</surname>
<given-names>Orlando</given-names>
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<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
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</contrib-group>
<aff id="A01">
<institution>,Caja Costarricense de Seguro Social Hospital Nacional de Niños Dr. Carlos Sáenz Herrera Servicio de Endocrinología</institution>
<addr-line> </addr-line>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<year>2009</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<year>2009</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>21</volume>
<fpage>47</fpage>
<lpage>51</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S1409-00902009000100007&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S1409-00902009000100007&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S1409-00902009000100007&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>La enfermedad de Addison, o insuficiencia adrenal primaria, es una entidad en la cual la corteza adrenal secreta cantidades insuficientes de glucocorticoides, mineralocorticoides y andrógenos debido a un daño adrenal. Se presenta el caso de una niña de 19 meses con una historia de fatiga crónica, pérdida de peso, vómitos, hiporexia e hiperpigmentación en piel, labios y encías. Estos signos y síntomas tenían dos meses de evolución y empeoraron hasta que el diagnóstico correcto fue hecho y el tratamiento adecuado fue iniciado. Es una de las pacientes más jóvenes diagnosticada con enfermedad de Addison en Costa Rica, así como una edad de presentación temprana comparada con el promedio para esta patología. Se compara la paciente con su hermana gemela sana, de manera que los signos de la enfermedad son aún más evidentes y se presenta una revisión de la enfermedad de Addison como diagnóstico que debe estar presente en el diferencial de todo médico general.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>Addison’s disease or primary adrenal insufficiency is a clinical entity in which the adrenal cortex secretes insufficient amounts of glucocorticoids, mineralocorticoids and androgens due to an adrenal noxa. We report the case of a nineteen months old twin girl, who presented with a history of chronic fatigue, wasting, vomiting, hyporexia and hyperpigmentation in lips and gums. The symptoms continued for two months and worsened until the proper diagnosis was made and the treatment was established. This case represents one of the youngest patients diagnosed with Addison’s disease in our country, as well as an early age of presentation compared to the average age of diagnosis for this disease. We provide a comparison between the patient and her healthy twin sister, so the signs of the disease are even more evident.</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>Enfermedad de Addison</kwd>
<kwd>insuficiencia adrenal primaria</kwd>
<kwd>población pediátrica</kwd>
<kwd>hiperpigmentación</kwd>
<kwd>fatiga crónica</kwd>
<kwd>Addison’s disease</kwd>
<kwd>primary adrenal insufficiency</kwd>
<kwd>children</kwd>
<kwd>hyperpigmentation</kwd>
<kwd>chronic fatigue</kwd>
</kwd-group>
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<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S1409-00902009000100008&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S1409-00902009000100008&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S1409-00902009000100008&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Se presentan dos casos de pacientes con neuroblastoma y sarcoma de Ewing respectivamente, los cuales presentan lesiones metastásicas. El primer caso presenta una lesión a nivel de cuerpo vertebral, el cual a su vez le produjo un síndrome de compresión medular. El paciente presenta alteración en la movilidad y sensibilidad de miembros inferiores, y alteración en el control de sus esfínteres. En el segundo caso se encontró una lesión metastásica a nivel de tejidos blandos en la zona parietal derecha. En ambos cuadros se valora el tratamiento por medio de la radioterapia para el control y reversión de los síntomas.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>We present two cases one with a neuroblastoma and another with a Ewing’s sarcoma, both children developed metastasis. The first case presents spinal cord compression produced by the lesion found in the body of the vertebra. The patient presents a compromise in the mobility and sensibility of the upper limb and lost sphincters control. The metastasis, in the second case, was found in the soft tissue located on the right parietal side of the head. In both cases we propose a treatment with radiotherapy for reversion and control of symptoms.</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>radioterapia</kwd>
<kwd>metástasis</kwd>
<kwd>neuroblastoma</kwd>
<kwd>sarcoma de Ewing</kwd>
<kwd>radiotherapy</kwd>
<kwd>metastasis</kwd>
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<abbrev-journal-title>Acta pediátr. costarric</abbrev-journal-title>
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<aff id="A01">
<institution>,Hopsital Nacional de Niños Dr. Carlos Sáenz Herrera Servicio de Inmunología </institution>
<addr-line>San José </addr-line>
<country>Costa Rica</country>
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<year>2009</year>
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<volume>21</volume>
<fpage>55</fpage>
<lpage>59</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S1409-00902009000100009&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S1409-00902009000100009&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S1409-00902009000100009&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Se conoce que la transmisión perinatal del VIH de madre a hijo es prevenible con la toma de algunas medidas generales y otras específicas. La acción fundamental para lograr esta prevención es identificar cuales embarazadas son portadoras del VIH temprano durante el embarazo. Para lograr este objetivo es necesario realizar la prueba del ELISA para VIH a toda mujer embarazada en su primera consulta prenatal. Las presentes son unas guías sobre el tema desarrolladas con el fin de facilitar la aplicación de todas las acciones necesarias para la prevención de la transmisión perinatal en Costa Rica, brindando una óptima atención médica a la madre y el recién nacido.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>It is known that the perinatal transmission of HIV from mother to child is preventable applying some general and some specific measures. The basic action to achive the prevention is to identify which pregnant women are HIV positive early during the pregnancy. To obtain this aim it is fundamental to carry out the HIV-ELISA test to every pregnant woman early during the pregnancy. The present guides were developed to help aply all the preventive actions necessary to achive the prevention of perinatal HIV transmission in Costa Rica, offering an optimal medical attention to the mother and the newborn.</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>virus de la inmunodeficiencia humana</kwd>
<kwd>VIH</kwd>
<kwd>transmisión perinatal</kwd>
<kwd>embarazo</kwd>
<kwd>antirretrovirales</kwd>
<kwd>lactancia materna</kwd>
<kwd>BCG</kwd>
<kwd>human immunodeficiency virus</kwd>
<kwd>HIV</kwd>
<kwd>perinatal transmisión</kwd>
<kwd>pregnancy</kwd>
<kwd>antirretroviral</kwd>
<kwd>breastfeeding</kwd>
<kwd>BCG</kwd>
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<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S1409-00902009000100010&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S1409-00902009000100010&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S1409-00902009000100010&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>El anís de estrella es un producto peligroso para los niños (as). Al Centro Nacional de Intoxicaciones se reportaron en el 2005, 14 casos de intoxicación por anis de estrella. El anís estrellado (IIlicium rerum Hook) es un producto de uso en las casas para controlar los cólicos infantiles. Si se mezcla con el anís de estrella japonés (Illicium anisatum Siebold) aumenta su toxicidad. Las neurotoxinas con actividad farmacológica son responsables de los síntomas neurológicos, principalmente de las convulsiones. Para el tratamiento no se conoce antídoto y se utiliza tratamiento sintomático sobretodo para el manejo de las convulsiones, los síntomas neurotóxicos suelen remitir a las 24 a 48 horas post ingesta.</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>anis de estrella</kwd>
<kwd>IIlicium verum Hook</kwd>
<kwd>Illicium anisatum Siebold o Linné</kwd>
<kwd>Illicium religiosum</kwd>
<kwd>Illicium japonicum</kwd>
<kwd>anís de estrella Japonés</kwd>
<kwd>Badiana de Japón</kwd>
<kwd>Shikimi</kwd>
<kwd>intoxicación, convulsiones</kwd>
<kwd>pediatría</kwd>
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