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<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id pub-id-type="pid">S1409-142920070002</journal-id>
<journal-title>Revista Costarricense de Salud Pública</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title>Rev. costarric. salud pública</abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>1409-1429</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name>Asociación Costarricense de Salud Pública</publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S1409-14292007000200001</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es">Editorial: Dos décadas y media en la salud pública</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Paredes, M. Sc</surname>
<given-names>Federico</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="A01">
<institution>,ACOSAP  </institution>
<addr-line> </addr-line>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<month>12</month>
<year>2007</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<year>2007</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>16</volume>
<fpage>01</fpage>
<lpage>01</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S1409-14292007000200001&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S1409-14292007000200001&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S1409-14292007000200001&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri></article-meta>
</front>
</article>
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id pub-id-type="pid">S1409-142920070002</journal-id>
<journal-title>Revista Costarricense de Salud Pública</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title>Rev. costarric. salud pública</abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>1409-1429</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name>Asociación Costarricense de Salud Pública</publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S1409-14292007000200002</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es">Factores asociados al síndrome metabólico en pacientes que asistieron a la feria de la salud en el Hospital México, febrero 2007, Costa Rica</article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="en">Risk factors associated with metabolic symdrome in a health fair; Hospital México; San José, Costa Rica; February, 2007</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Rojas Barahona</surname>
<given-names>Roubier M</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Trejos Herrera</surname>
<given-names>Marianela</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A02"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="A01">
<institution>,Caja Costarricense de Seguro Social CENDEISSS </institution>
<addr-line>San José </addr-line>
<country>Costa Rica</country>
</aff>
<aff id="A02">
<institution>,Caja Costarricense de Seguro Social Hospital México </institution>
<addr-line>San José </addr-line>
<country>Costa Rica</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<month>12</month>
<year>2007</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<year>2007</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>16</volume>
<fpage>01</fpage>
<lpage>07</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S1409-14292007000200002&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S1409-14292007000200002&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S1409-14292007000200002&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Objetivo: Determinar factores asociados al síndrome metabólico, tomando como base la población de personas entrevistadas durante la feria de la salud efectuada en el Hospital México, febrero del 2007. Materiales y Métodos: Estudio transversal y analítico. Se entrevistó a 285 personas durante la feria de la salud del Hospital México del 19 a 22 de febrero del 2007. Se efectuó un análisis univariado y multivariado de las principales variables registradas para determinar factores asociados al síndrome metabólico. Resultados: La provincia de San José presentó el mayor porcentaje de entrevistados con un 40.7%(116/285), seguido por Heredia con un 26.0%(76/285) y Alajuela con un 24.9%(71/285), mientras que la provincia de Limón aportó solamente un 0.4%(1/285). La mayoría de los entrevistados son costarricenses con un 94.0%(268/285), además, las mujeres predominaron con un 72.6%(207/285). El análisis univariado y multivariado muestra asociación entre la presión arterial (OR: 4.7, IC95%3.5-5.8, p&lt;0.01), la glicemia (OR:3.4, IC95%2.1-4.5, p&lt;0.01), y el índice de masa corporal(OR:3.3, IC95%2.0 - 4.0, p&lt;0.01) respecto al síndrome metabólico. Conclusión: La presión arterial, la glicemia y el índice de masa corporal deben ser tomados en cuenta como parte de los factores asociados al síndrome metabólico.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>Objective: to determine the prevalence of risk factors associated with metabolic syndrome in a population interviewed during a health fair carried out at the Hospital México during February, 2007. Materials and Methods: this was a cross-sectional, analytical study; 285 people were interviewed during the health fair which took place at Hospital México from February the 19th through the 22nd, 2007. A univariate as well as a multivariate statistical analysis were carried out on the main variables identified as risk factors associated with the metabolic syndrome. Results: the provinces with the highest percentages of subjects were San José with 40,7% (116 out of 285), followed by Heredia with 26,0% (76 out of 285) and Alajuela with 24,9% (71 out of 285) while Limón province had only 0,4% of the subjects (one out of 285.) The large majority of the subjects were Costa Rican: 94,0 % (268 out of 285); in addition, women constituted a majority with 72,6% of the sample (207 out of 285.) A univariate as well as multivariate statistical analysis showed an association between blood pressure (odds ratio: 4,7 with a 95% confidence interval between 3,5 and 5,8 and a p value less than 0,01), blood glucose (odds ratio: 3,4 with a 95% confidence interval between 2,1 and 4,5 and a p value also less than 0,01) and, finally, body mass index (odds ratio: 3,3 with a 95% confidence interval between 2,0 and 4,0 and a p value less than 0,01) and the metabolic syndrome. Conclusion: blood pressure, blood glucose and body-mass index must be considered as risk factors for the metabolic syndrome.</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>síndrome metabólico</kwd>
<kwd>hipertensión arterial</kwd>
<kwd>glicemia</kwd>
<kwd>Hospital México</kwd>
<kwd>metabolic syndrome</kwd>
<kwd>arterial hypertension</kwd>
<kwd>blood glucose</kwd>
<kwd>Hospital México</kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
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<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id pub-id-type="pid">S1409-142920070002</journal-id>
<journal-title>Revista Costarricense de Salud Pública</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title>Rev. costarric. salud pública</abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>1409-1429</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name>Asociación Costarricense de Salud Pública</publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S1409-14292007000200003</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es">Factores antinutricionales presentes en el arroz pilado crudo</article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="en">Anti-nutritional factors present in raw, polished rice</article-title>
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<contrib-group>
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<name>
<surname>Villalobos H</surname>
<given-names>María E</given-names>
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<contrib contrib-type="author">
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<surname>Espinoza E</surname>
<given-names>Ana M</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A02"/>
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</contrib-group>
<aff id="A01">
<institution>,Ministerio de Salud  </institution>
<addr-line> </addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="A02">
<institution>,Universidad de Costa Rica CIBCM </institution>
<addr-line> </addr-line>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<month>12</month>
<year>2007</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<year>2007</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>16</volume>
<fpage>08</fpage>
<lpage>12</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S1409-14292007000200003&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S1409-14292007000200003&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S1409-14292007000200003&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>El objetivo de este artículo fue investigar la presencia de los factores antinutricionales en el arroz pilado crudo, tales como inhibidor de la tripsina, la lectina y el ácido fítico. El estudio es parte del proyecto de investigación de la equivalencia sustancial del arroz mejorado genéticamente AS 10-7-6 y CPM 10-4-6, desarrollado por el Centro de Investigaciones de Biología Molecular y Celular de la Universidad de Costa Rica (CIBCM), en Costa Rica. La metodología utilizada fue revisión de literatura, disponible en revistas nacionales e internacionales y consulta a expertos. Se encontró que la detección de dichos antinutrientes en el arroz pilado es muy baja en arroz crudo y es aún menor en el arroz cocido, ya que la lectina y el inhibidor de la tripsina son sensibles al calor y se inactivan al cocinar el alimento. En estudios realizados al arroz mejorado genéticamente llamado Libertylink, no se encontraron diferencias en el contenido de ácido fítico al compararlo con el par convencional. Además, se encontró que el inhibidor de la tripsina sólo está presente en la granza; la lectina no fue detectada en ninguna de las presentaciones del arroz. Por lo que al considerar la información bibliográfica y los resultados del arroz LibertyLink, se concluye que la presencia de antinutrientes es baja o ninguna, en el arroz pilado de las líneas mejoradas genéticamente en estudio.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>The purpose of this study was to research the presence of anti-nutrient factors such as the trypsin inhibitor, lectin and phytic acid all in raw, polished rice. This review is part of a larger research project on the substantial equivalence of AS 10-7-6 and CPM 10-4-6, genetically-modified rice developed by the Cellular and Molecular Biology Research Center (CIBCM) at the University of Costa Rica. The methodology used was a review of the literature both in national as well as in international journals and also experts´ opinion. Our results show that detection of these anti-nutrient factors in rice is low and it is very low in polished rice; the reason is that lectin and trypsin inhibitors are heat-sensitive and they are deactivated when cooked. Some studies done on genetically-modified Libertylink rice found no difference in phytic acid content when compared to non-modified rice. The trypsin inhibitor is detected only on the embryo and bran layers; lectin was not detected in any of the different rice presentations. In conclusion, according to the review done in the literature as well as the study done on Libertylink rice, it can be said that the presence of anti-nutrients in rice is expected to be low or absent in genetically-modified rice lines.</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>equivalencia sustancial</kwd>
<kwd>arroz</kwd>
<kwd>antinutrientes</kwd>
<kwd>tripsina</kwd>
<kwd>lectina</kwd>
<kwd>ácido fítico</kwd>
<kwd>Costa Rica</kwd>
<kwd>substantial equivalence</kwd>
<kwd>rice</kwd>
<kwd>anti-nutrients</kwd>
<kwd>trypsin</kwd>
<kwd>lectin</kwd>
<kwd>phytic acid</kwd>
<kwd>Costa Rica</kwd>
</kwd-group>
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<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S1409-14292007000200004&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S1409-14292007000200004&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S1409-14292007000200004&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>En Costa Rica se presentan unos 6000 casos anuales de litiasis o cálculos renales, que implican una tasa promedio de 1,7 casos por 1000 habitantes; esta patología consiste en la formación de masas duras semejantes a piedras, que se forman en cualquier parte de las vías urinarias. Sus causas son multifactoriales contemplando elementos anatómicos, genéticos, infecciosos y ambientales como la ingesta constante de aguas duras o con exceso de sales de calcio. En razón de esto se realizó un estudio por cantones de tipo exploratorio-ecológico para el período 2001-2003, en donde se busca una posible relación entre la incidencia de cálculos renales y los contenidos de carbonato de calcio en el agua para consumo humano (ACH). Para cumplir con este objetivo se utilizaron los datos del Laboratorio Nacional de Aguas (LNA), sobre la dureza promedio de cuatro mil fuentes de agua distribuidas por cantones, además de los egresos hospitalarios de cálculos renales en los 29 hospitales de la Caja Costarricense de Seguro Social (CCSS). El análisis estadístico se fundamentó en el índice de morbilidad estandarizado (IME) ajustado por el método indirecto, y el coeficiente de correlación de Pearson al 95% de confianza. Para presentar los datos obtenidos se usaron mapas cantonales de dureza de calcio y el IME de cálculos renales. Los resultados indicaron una asociación ecológica entre ambas variables; es decir, a mayor consumo de aguas duras mayor es el riesgo de padecer cálculos renales en la población, con un exceso de riesgo en los territorios expuestos a aguas duras del 27% y un índice de Pearson para la correlación ecológica de r=0,25. Por el contrario, en los cantones en donde predominan las aguas blandas el riesgo es inferior al promedio nacional. Los resultados obtenidos abren nuevas interrogantes sobre la relación entre dureza del agua de consumo e incidencia de litiasis que deberán ser respondidas en futuros estudios.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>There are approximately 6000 cases per year of kidney stones in Costa Rica which implies an average rate of 1.7 cases per 1000 inhabitants; this pathology involves the formation of hard concretions resembling rock in any part of the urinary system. Etiology is multifactorial and involves anatomic, genetic, infectious as well as environmental factors such as the frequent intake of water with excess calcium salts also known as hard water. We carried out a county-based exploratory study of the ecologic type for the years 2001 to 2003 whereby a relationship was sought between the ingestion of calcium carbonate content in water for human consumption (which we abbreviate as (ACH) and the incidence of renal calculi. With this objective in mind, we used on the one hand, data on county-based, average water-hardness from the National Water Laboratory (LNA) from 4,000 water sources and, on the other, hospital discharges with the diagnosis of nephrolithiasis from 29 hospitals in the Costa Rican Social Security System. Statistical analysis was based on the Standardized Morbidity Index (which we abbreviate as IME) adjusted by the indirect method as well as the Pearson correlation coefficient taken to a 95% degree of confidence. To present the data, county maps of water hardness and IME of renal calculi were used. The results indicate an ecological association between the two variables; in other words, when there is greater consumption of hard water, there exists a greater risk of renal calculi in the population with an excess risk of 27% in those places having high levels of water hardness and a Pearson coefficient for the ecological correlation of r=0,25. On the other hand, in the areas where the water predominantly is not hard, the risk is inferior to the national average. The results obtained open up new questions regarding the relationship between water hardness as well as its consumption and the incidence of kidney stones which should be answered by future studies.</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>cálculos</kwd>
<kwd>litiasis</kwd>
<kwd>aguas duras</kwd>
<kwd>asociaciones</kwd>
<kwd>Costa Rica</kwd>
<kwd>calculi</kwd>
<kwd>lithiasis</kwd>
<kwd>hard water</kwd>
<kwd>associations</kwd>
<kwd>Costa Rica</kwd>
</kwd-group>
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<front>
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<journal-id pub-id-type="pid">S1409-142920070002</journal-id>
<journal-title>Revista Costarricense de Salud Pública</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title>Rev. costarric. salud pública</abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>1409-1429</issn>
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<article-id>S1409-14292007000200005</article-id>
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<article-title xml:lang="es">Evolución del consumo y gasto farmacéutico público de anti-inflamatorios no esteroideos (aines) en el período 2001 - 2005</article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="en">Evolution of public consumption and spending on non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (nsaids) during the period 2001 to 2005</article-title>
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<given-names>Patricia</given-names>
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<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
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<given-names>Melvin</given-names>
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<aff id="A01">
<institution>,Universidad Las Palmas de Gran Canarias  </institution>
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<aff id="A02">
<institution>,Caja Costarricense de Seguro Social  </institution>
<addr-line>San José </addr-line>
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<institution>,Universidad de Costa Rica Centro Centroamericano de Población </institution>
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<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<month>12</month>
<year>2007</year>
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<fpage>19</fpage>
<lpage>26</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S1409-14292007000200005&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S1409-14292007000200005&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S1409-14292007000200005&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Este estudio observacional retrospectivo analizó el consumo y gasto farmacéutico de AINEs (antiinflamatorios no esteroideos) clásicos en Costa Rica en el periodo 2001-2005. Su objetivo es contribuir al conocimiento de la estructura de gasto y perfil de utilización y consumo farmacológico de este grupo de medicamentos con el fin de abordar con mayores garantías la gestión del irremediable proceso de aparición y previsible financiación pública de los AINEs de nueva generación en el país. Los AINEs son un grupo de fármacos asociados de forma especial a los nuevos estilos de vida cuyo nivel de consumo crece de forma ininterrumpida y cuya participación en el gasto farmacéutico es cada vez más relevante. En la actualidad, constituyen el cuarto grupo en gasto farmacéutico público con un incremento del 15% en términos reales en el periodo 2001-2004. El consumo de AINEs para 2005 en Costa Rica es de 21,02 DHD (dosis diaria por habitante y día) y en el periodo 2000-2005 su consumo se ha incrementado un 48%. Respecto al consumo en 2005 de los principios activos que forman este grupo farmacológico destaca la Indometacina con un 6,36 DHD, Sulindaco con 6,06 DHD y el Ibuprofeno con 4,36 DHD y el Tenoxican con 3,25 DHD. El CTD (Coste de Tratamiento Diario) varía entre 2 céntimos de dólar para el Ibuprofeno y 1,49 dólares para el Tenoxican.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>This observational, retrospective study analyzed the pharmaceutical consumption and expense of classic NSAIDs (non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs) in Costa Rica during the period 2001 to 2005. Its objective was to contribute to knowledge regarding the expense structure as well as the pattern of use and pharmacological consumption of this group of medicines with the purpose of providing better support to the inexorable process of the appearance and foreseeable public financing of new-generation NSAIDs in our country. NSAIDs are a group of medicines associated in a special fashion to the new lifestyles whose level of consumption grows in an uninterrupted fashion and whose participation in pharmaceutical expense is more relevant every day. At present, NSAIDs constitute the fourth most-important group of medicines in public pharmaceutical expense with an increment of 15% in real numbers during the period 2001 to 2004. NSAIDs consumption in Costa Rica during 2005 was 21.02 DHDs (which refers to daily dose per inhabitant) and during the period 2000 through 2005 consumption increased by 48%. Regarding their use in 2005, the active principles conforming this pharmacological group which stand out are indomethacin with 6.36 DHD, sulindac with 6.06 DHD, ibuprophen with 4.36 DHD and tenoxicam with 3.25 DHD. Daily treatment costs (CTD) varied between two cents of a dollar for ibuprophen and 1.49 dollars for tenoxicam.</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>anti-inflamatorios no esteroideos (AINEs)</kwd>
<kwd>dosis diaria por habitante y día (DHD)</kwd>
<kwd>dosis diaria definida (DDD)</kwd>
<kwd>consumo de anti-inflamatorios no esteroideos</kwd>
<kwd>Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agents (NSAIDs)</kwd>
<kwd>daily dose per inhabitant (DHD)</kwd>
<kwd>defined daily dose (DDD)</kwd>
<kwd>consumption of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agents</kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
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<journal-id pub-id-type="pid">S1409-142920070002</journal-id>
<journal-title>Revista Costarricense de Salud Pública</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title>Rev. costarric. salud pública</abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>1409-1429</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name>Asociación Costarricense de Salud Pública</publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S1409-14292007000200006</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es">Determinación de salmonella spp. y endoparásitos en zanates (quiscalus mexicanus) del parque de Cañas, Guanacaste</article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="en">Determination of species of salmonella and endoparasites in grackles (quiscalus mexicanus) in the park of Cañas, Guanacaste, Costa Rica</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Minott Picado</surname>
<given-names>Priscila</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Caballero Castillo</surname>
<given-names>Magali</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A02"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="A01">
<institution>,Práctica privada  </institution>
<addr-line> </addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="A02">
<institution>,Laboratorio ACOPSA  </institution>
<addr-line>Heredia </addr-line>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<month>12</month>
<year>2007</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<year>2007</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>16</volume>
<fpage>27</fpage>
<lpage>35</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S1409-14292007000200006&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S1409-14292007000200006&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S1409-14292007000200006&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Se determinó la prevalencia de Salmonella spp. en 60 muestras de heces de zanates (Quiscalus mexicanus) provenientes de Cañas, Guanacaste, debido a que se ha observado la presencia de estos animales en establecimientos dedicados a la producción exhaustiva de proteína animal (aves, cerdos, etc.). Tres muestras fueron positivas (5%) y se aislaron los serotipos Montevideo, Saint Paul y Carrau. Además, se comparó la efectividad del medio Rappaport-Vasiliadis Peptona de Soya perteneciente a una casa comercial, con el caldo Rappaport-Vasiliadis preparado en el laboratorio a partir de los ingredientes. Se obtuvo una diferencia significativa entre ambos caldos de enriquecimiento (p=0.04). Se capturaron 28 individuos en la primera parte y en la segunda parte de esta investigación se capturaron 32. Las aves fueron eutanasiadas y se les realizó necropsia, exámenes de sangre y de contenido intestinal para determinar la presencia de endoparásitos. Se encontraron varios especímenes de céstodos y acantocéfalos en el intestino de las aves. En los exámenes de contenido intestinal se encontraron además huevos de nemátodos y ooquistes de coccidios del género Isospora. Las microfilarias fueron los únicos hemoparásitos encontrados en los frotis sanguíneos.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>Prevalence of Salmonella spp. was determined in 60 fecal samples obtained from great tailed grackles (Quiscalus mexicanus) from Cañas, Guanacaste, since their presence has been observed in sites which produce animal protein (poultry, pork, etc.) Serovars Montevideo, Saint Paul and Carrau were isolated from 3 samples (5%). Effectiveness of commercially available Rappaport-Vasiliadis Soy peptone was compared with that of Rappaport-Vasiliadis broth prepared from the ingredients. A significant difference was obtained (p=0.04) between both enrichment broths. 28 grackles were captured for the first part and for the second part of this study, 32 great tailed grackles were captured and examined for endoparasites. Cestodes and acanthocephalan parasites were found during post mortem examination of the large intestine. Microscopic examination of intestinal samples revealed the presence of coccidian parasites of the genera Isospora, and two types of nematode eggs. Blood samples showed the presence of filarial infections.</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>Quiscalus mexicanus</kwd>
<kwd>Salmonella spp</kwd>
<kwd>Rappaport-Vasiliadis</kwd>
<kwd>endoparásitos de aves</kwd>
<kwd>Quiscalus mexicanus</kwd>
<kwd>Salmonella species</kwd>
<kwd>Rappaport-Vasiliadis</kwd>
<kwd>bird endoparasites</kwd>
</kwd-group>
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<journal-title>Revista Costarricense de Salud Pública</journal-title>
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<institution>,Ministerio de Salud Dirección de Vigilancia de la Salud </institution>
<addr-line>San José </addr-line>
<country>Costa Rica</country>
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<copyright-statement/>
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<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S1409-14292007000200007&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S1409-14292007000200007&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S1409-14292007000200007&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Se realizó un estudio de prevalencia de lepra durante el período 1998 al año 2003, con el objetivo de caracterizar la distribución de esta enfermedad en el país. Los casos fueron pacientes con un diagnostico de lepra o enfermedad de Hansen confirmado por un médico, que estuviera consultando en los establecimientos de salud de la Caja Costarricense Seguro Social (CCSS) durante el período de estudio y pacientes que abandonaron el tratamiento sin curarse. Se excluyeron los casos curados, fallecidos y extranjeros no residentes en el país. Mediante búsqueda activa en la CCSS se identificaron los expedientes de los pacientes de 1998 al 2003 y los reportes de laboratorio de biopsia de piel y linfa cutánea confirmados por lepra. Del Ministerio de Salud (MS) se obtuvieron los casos notificados y del Instituto Nacional de Estadísticas y Censos los datos de población. Se elaboró un formulario que incluyó variables clínicas, epidemiológicas, de laboratorio y socioeconómicas. El análisis se realizó según provincia, cantón, grupos de edad y sexo. Se calculó la tasa de prevalencia, de detección de casos y porcentajes. Se identificaron, 114 expedientes en los servicios de salud pero sólo 89 casos, que representaron una prevalencia de 0,3 casos por diez mil habitantes. La enfermedad afectó a los mayores de 15 años, y a los hombres un 65% (58). Puntarenas presentó la prevalencia por provincia más alta: 0,6x10.000 habitantes (23). Todos recibieron medicamentos para el tipo lepromatoso y en el Hospital San Juan de Dios se atendieron el 60% de ellos. El 28% reingresó a los servicios. Desde 1998, el MS no había realizado investigaciones epidemiológicas de los casos, ni seguimiento a sus contactos. El personal de los servicios de salud no cuenta con protocolos, ni normas de tratamiento clínico. Costa Rica eliminó la lepra como problema de salud pública (menos de 1 caso por diez mil habitantes) desde 1995. Se recomendó iniciar inmediatamente las investigaciones epidemiológicas de los casos y contactos, implementar un plan dirigido al personal de salud y la supervisión del tratamiento y fortalecer las estrategias de eliminación para avanzar aceleradamente hacia la erradicación.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>A study of the prevalence of leprosy was conducted during the time period comprised between the years 1998 to 2003 with the purpose of characterizing the distribution of this illness in the country. Cases were those patients with a diagnosis of leprosy or Hansen´s disease confirmed by a physician which had consulted in the health establishments of the Costa Rican Social Security System (hereby, abbreviated as C.C.S.S.) during the study period as well as patients who abandoned treatment without having achieved a cure. Cases which were cured, who died or foreigners were excluded. By means of an active search in the CCSS, health records of patients between 1998 and 2003 were identified as well as their laboratory reports of skin biopsy and cutaneous lymph confirmatory of the diagnosis. Notified cases were obtained from the Ministry of Health and population data from the National Institute on Statistics and the Census. A form with clinical as well as epidemiological, laboratory and socio-economic variables was designed. Analysis was carried out by geographical area (both province as well as county), age groups and sex. A prevalence rate was calculated as well as a case-detection rate and the respective percentages. While 114 cases were identified in the health services, only 89 were included in our study which represents a prevalence of 0,3 cases per 100,000 inhabitants. The illness affected mainly those older than 15 years of age; 65 percent of the cases were male. The province of Puntarenas showed the highest prevalence with 0,6 per 10,000 inhabitants. All these patients received treatment for the lepromatous type of leprosy and the San Juan de Dios Hospital took care of 60% of them. 28% of the cases relapsed. Since 1998, the Ministry of Health did not conduct any epidemiological investigation of the cases of Hansen´s disease nor had any follow-up of the contacts been carried out. Health-services` personnel didn´t have any protocol nor any clinical treatment guidelines available to them. Costa Rica eliminated leprosy as a public health problem in 1995 and the incidence rate has been lower than one case per 100,000 inhabitants since then. Our recommendations include: beginning immediately epidemiological investigation of each case and the appropriate contacts; the implementation of a plan directed towards health personnel and, finally, supervised treatment and strengthening of the elimination strategies in order to move forward rapidly towards erradication.</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>Lepra</kwd>
<kwd>prevalencia</kwd>
<kwd>eliminación</kwd>
<kwd>erradicación</kwd>
<kwd>enfermedad de Hansen</kwd>
<kwd>M. leprae</kwd>
<kwd>Leprosy</kwd>
<kwd>prevalence</kwd>
<kwd>elimination</kwd>
<kwd>erradication</kwd>
<kwd>Hansen’s disease</kwd>
<kwd>M. leprae</kwd>
</kwd-group>
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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id pub-id-type="pid">S1409-142920070002</journal-id>
<journal-title>Revista Costarricense de Salud Pública</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title>Rev. costarric. salud pública</abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>1409-1429</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name>Asociación Costarricense de Salud Pública</publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S1409-14292007000200008</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es">Conocimiento de estudiantes de la universidad de costa rica sobre el virus de papiloma humano, durante el II ciclo lectivo del año 2006, Costa Rica</article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="en">Knowledge among students of the university of Costa Rica regarding the human papilloma virus during the second semester of the 2006 academic year, Costa Rica</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Jiménez Herrera</surname>
<given-names>Luis G</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="A01">
<institution>,UCR Facultad Farmacia </institution>
<addr-line> </addr-line>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<month>12</month>
<year>2007</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<year>2007</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>16</volume>
<fpage>42</fpage>
<lpage>47</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S1409-14292007000200008&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S1409-14292007000200008&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S1409-14292007000200008&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>El virus del papiloma humano, se relaciona con cáncer cervical, anal y de pene. Dada la incidencia de algunas de esas enfermedades y de sus consecuencias, es que éste es un tema de actualidad y que debe de abordarse desde diversas perspectivas. Este trabajo exploró el conocimiento de estudiantes de la Universidad de Costa Rica con respecto a este tema, durante el II semestre del 2006. Se realizó una entrevista personalizada utilizando preguntas claves sobre el tema y luego se creó un índice de conocimientos. Se entrevistaron 439 estudiantes, 227 hombres (51.7%) y 212 mujeres (48.3%), entre los 17- 25 años (80%), la mayoría de sociales (34.4%), ciencias de la salud (29.8%), ingeniería y computación (19.8%). Todas las mujeres han escuchado sobre el virus, mientras 15 hombres (17-20 años) no. Los medios de transmisión y la relación con respecto al cáncer muestran las principales diferencias en los porcentajes de respuestas entre hombres y mujeres. Los medios de comunicación y las campañas de prevención, son la principal fuente del conocimiento. Con el índice de conocimiento se muestra que un 32% de las personas tienen un conocimiento bajo, 37% moderado y 31% alto. Un mayor número de estudiantes de las ciencias de la salud tienden a tener alto conocimiento con respecto al tema. Los de ciencias básicas tienen tendencia hacia el nivel bajo, mientras el resto de áreas de estudio tienden a subir el porcentaje entre el nivel bajo al moderado y disminuyen a menos de 37% en el nivel alto. Este estudio sugiere que el personal de salud debe asumir la responsabilidad de liderar los procesos preventivos en los diferentes escenarios.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>Human papillomavirus or HPV infection is related to cervical, anal as well as penile cancers. Given the incidence of some of these diseases and their consequences, HPV infection is a subject of current interest that must be approached from diverse perspectives. This study explored students` knowledge at the University of Costa Rica about the subject of HPV infection during the second semester of academic year 2006. A custom-made interview was designed using key questions on the subject and a knowledge index about HPV was created. 439 students - 227 men (51,7%) and 212 (48,3%) women- were interviewed, most of them between the ages of 17 to 25 years (80%), and belonging to the social sciences(34,4%), health sciences(29,8%), or computing and engineering sciences(19,8%). All of the women had heard about the virus, while 15 men (17-20 years) had not; the means of transmission and the relationship with cancer were the main differences in the percentage of answers between men and women; mass media and prevention campaigns were the main sources of knowledge about the virus. The index designed showed that 32% of the students had poor knowledge, 37% moderate amounts of knowledge and 31% high level. A greater number of students in the health sciences tended to have high levels of knowledge with respect to this subject. Students in the basic sciences had a tendency towards the lower level, while the rest of study areas tended to increase their percentage between low and moderate, and less than 37% were in the high levels. This study suggests that health personnel must assume the responsibility of leading the preventive processes in the different settings.</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>virus del papiloma humano</kwd>
<kwd>estudiantes</kwd>
<kwd>universitarios</kwd>
<kwd>conocimiento</kwd>
<kwd>human papillomavirus</kwd>
<kwd>college students</kwd>
<kwd>knowledge</kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
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<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id pub-id-type="pid">S1409-142920070002</journal-id>
<journal-title>Revista Costarricense de Salud Pública</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title>Rev. costarric. salud pública</abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>1409-1429</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name>Asociación Costarricense de Salud Pública</publisher-name>
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</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S1409-14292007000200009</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es">Percepción del peso corporal y estrategias utilizadas para controlarlo, en adultos costarricenses</article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="en">Body weight perception and strategies used to control body weight among costa rican adults</article-title>
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<given-names>G</given-names>
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<aff id="A01">
<institution>,INCIENSA Nutricionista </institution>
<addr-line>Cartago </addr-line>
<country>Costa Rica</country>
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<aff id="A02">
<institution>,Universidad Nacional IDESPO </institution>
<addr-line> </addr-line>
<country>Costa Rica</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<month>12</month>
<year>2007</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<year>2007</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>16</volume>
<fpage>48</fpage>
<lpage>54</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S1409-14292007000200009&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S1409-14292007000200009&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S1409-14292007000200009&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Justificación: La obesidad se considera un problema de salud pública. La encuesta directa es el método más utilizado para generar información al respecto, pero su alto costo económico limita obtener datos periódicos. Se han experimentado otros métodos de recolección de información; entre ellos la encuesta telefónica se concibe como una opción válida de costo menor. Objetivo: Explorar la percepción del peso corporal de adultos costarricenses y las estrategias utilizadas para controlarlo, mediante el análisis de la información obtenida en la primera Encuesta Telefónica de Salud del IDESPO. Métodos: Estudio descriptivo, transversal. Se elaboraron preguntas abiertas sobre conocimiento, percepción y estrategias sobre peso corporal, que se incorporaron en la primera Encuesta Telefónica de Salud del IDESPO. Resultados: El 50,3% y 42% de los sujetos se percibieron con peso normal y peso alto o muy alto, respectivamente. Las principales estrategias para perder el peso: hacer ejercicio (29,4%), cambios en la alimentación; 42% de los hombres y 44% de las mujeres reportaron &quot;no hacer nada&quot;. Al contrastar la percepción del peso con el IMC estimado, más del 25% de mujeres y 34% de hombres que se percibieron con peso normal presentaron sobrepeso. Conclusiones: La metodología de encuesta telefónica introduce una subestimación en la per- cepción del exceso de peso conforme avanza la edad. La encuesta telefónica no sustituye las encuestas directas, pero se visualiza como alternativa para generar información sobre factores de riesgo cardiovascular. El reto próximo será validarla en nuestro contexto.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>Rationale: Obesity is considered a public-health problem. A direct survey is the method most-frequently used to generate relevant information but its high economic cost doesn´t allow obtaining periodic data. Other methods of collecting information have been tried and, among these, the telephone survey is seen as a valid option at lower cost. Objective: To explore the perception of body-weight among Costa Rican adults as well as the strategies used to control this variable by analyzing information obtained in the First Telephone Health Survey conducted by IDESPO (The Institute for Social Studies in Populations.) Methods: a cross-sectional, descriptive study was carried out. Open questions were developed having to do with knowledge, perception and strategies to deal with body-weight. These were incorporated into the Health Survey mentioned above. Results: 50.3 % and 42% of the subjects, respectively, had a self-perception of normal weight or of high - very high weight. The main weight-loss strategies were: doing exercise (29.4%), changes in diet and no special strategy (the latter as admitted by 42% of men and 44% of women). When comparison of self-perception of weight with estimated BMI was done, more than 25% of females and more than 34% of males of those thinking they had normal weight were actually overweight. Conclusions: a telephone-survey methodology introduces an underestimate in the self-perception of overweight according to age. While telephone surveys do not substitute direct surveys, they can be seen an an alternative to generate information about cardiovascular risk factors. The next challenge will to validate these surveys in Costa Rica.</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>entrevista telefónica</kwd>
<kwd>sobrepeso</kwd>
<kwd>obesidad</kwd>
<kwd>percepción del peso corporal</kwd>
<kwd>estrategias para el control del peso</kwd>
<kwd>IMC</kwd>
<kwd>telephone interview</kwd>
<kwd>overweight</kwd>
<kwd>obesity</kwd>
<kwd>body-weight perception</kwd>
<kwd>weight-control strategies</kwd>
<kwd>BMI (body-mass index)</kwd>
</kwd-group>
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