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<articles>
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id pub-id-type="pid">S1409-414220040001</journal-id>
<journal-title>Revista Costarricense de Cardiología</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title>Rev. costarric. cardiol</abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>1409-4142</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name>Asociación Costarricense de Cardiología</publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S1409-41422004000100001</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es">Nuevo tratamiento de la insuficiencia cardíaca en el infarto agudo del miocardio</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Rodríguez</surname>
<given-names>David</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="A01">
<institution>,Novartis Farmaceútica  </institution>
<addr-line>Ciudad de Guatemala </addr-line>
<country>Guatemala</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<month>01</month>
<year>2004</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<year>2004</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>6</volume>
<fpage>3</fpage>
<lpage>5</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S1409-41422004000100001&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S1409-41422004000100001&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S1409-41422004000100001&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri></article-meta>
</front>
</article>
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id pub-id-type="pid">S1409-414220040001</journal-id>
<journal-title>Revista Costarricense de Cardiología</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title>Rev. costarric. cardiol</abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>1409-4142</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name>Asociación Costarricense de Cardiología</publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S1409-41422004000100002</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es">Variabilidad de la frecuencia cardíaca en pacientes con angina inestable: correlación con otros marcadores pronósticos</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Gutiérrez Sotelo</surname>
<given-names>Oswaldo</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Poutvinsky</surname>
<given-names>Vladimir</given-names>
</name>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Romero</surname>
<given-names>Luis</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Esquivel</surname>
<given-names>Lidieth</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="A01">
<institution>,C.C.S.S. Hospital México Servicio de cardiología</institution>
<addr-line>San José </addr-line>
<country>Costa Rica</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<month>01</month>
<year>2004</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<year>2004</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>6</volume>
<fpage>7</fpage>
<lpage>12</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S1409-41422004000100002&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S1409-41422004000100002&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S1409-41422004000100002&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Introducción: La importancia del análisis de la variabilidad de la frecuencia cardíaca (VFC) está bien establecida como marcador pronóstico en pacientes que han tenido infarto agudo de miocardio y en otras cardiopatías. El objetivo de este estudio es establecer la correlación entre las variables de VFC y los índices pronósticos tradicionales en angina inestable Materiales y Métodos: Se reclutaron prospectivamente pacientes con diagnóstico de angina inestable. Se consignaron indicadores de riesgo cardiovascular clínicos (angor de reposo refractario, hipotensión arterial, insuficiencia cardíaca), presencia de cambios dinámicos en el ST-T, fracción de eyección =40% y los hallazgos angiográficos (2 ó más vasos), conformándose entonces dos grupos, de alto riesgo y de bajo riesgo. A todos los pacientes se les realizó un registro electrocardiográfico de 5 minutos y se analizaron diversas variables de VFC en dominio de tiempo y de frecuencia mediante un programa de computadora. Estas variables se compararon entre ambos grupos. Resultados: Se reclutaron 63 pacientes (44 hombres, 70%) con edad promedio de 63 + 10.4 años (35-90); 46 se consideraron de alto riesgo por cambios electrocardiográficos dinámicos y la fracción de eyección disminuida y 17 de bajo riesgo. En el primer grupo, el poder espectral total fue significativamente menor que en el grupo de bajo riesgo (p=0.04). La banda de baja frecuencia mostró diferencia pero sin alcanzar significancia estadística (p=0.07) y otras variables como el SDNN, el NN50 y la banda de baja frecuencia, mostraron sólo tendencia de ser menores en el grupo de alto riesgo. Conclusión: En pacientes con angina inestable de alto riesgo, la presencia de indicadores pronósticos tiene correlación con una menor VFC en dominio de frecuencia.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>Introduction: The usefullness of heart rate variability (HRV) analysis is well known in myocardial infarction as in other cardiac diseases as a prognostic tool. The primary goal of this study is to determine HRV relationship with other prognostic markers in unstable angina patients. Materials and methods: We studied prospectively patients with diagnosis of unstable angina. We considered predictors of cardiovascular risk (unresponsive rest angina, hipotension, heart failure, dynamic ST changes, ejection fraction less than 40% and angiographic features (2 or more vessels), conforming two groups, high risk and low risk. In every patient was made a 5 minute electrocardiographic recording and we analysed HRV variables in time domain and frequency domain. All this variables were compared between both groups Results: We included 63 patients (44 males, 70%) with mean age 63 + 10.4 years old (35-90); 46 were considered of high risk because dynamic ST changes and depressed ejection fraction and the remaining 17 were considered at low risk. In the first group, total spectral power was statistically different (p=0.04) compared with low-risk group. Low frequency band (LF) was also different but without statistic significance (p=0.07) and other variables like SDNN, NN5 0 and low frequency showed only a trend to be less in the high-risk group. Conclusion: Clinical high-risk patients with unstable angina have low HRV variables. This feature could be predictive of poor survival in follow-up prospective studies.</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>Variabilidad</kwd>
<kwd>frecuencia cardíaca</kwd>
<kwd>angina inestable</kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front>
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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id pub-id-type="pid">S1409-414220040001</journal-id>
<journal-title>Revista Costarricense de Cardiología</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title>Rev. costarric. cardiol</abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>1409-4142</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name>Asociación Costarricense de Cardiología</publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S1409-41422004000100003</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es">Evaluación del gradiente intraventricular durante ejercicio en pacientes con miocardiopatía hipertrófica no obstructiva</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Romero T.</surname>
<given-names>Luis</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Gutiérrez S.</surname>
<given-names>Oswaldo</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Fernández G.</surname>
<given-names>Ricardo</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Esquivel A.</surname>
<given-names>Lidieth</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="A01">
<institution>,C.C.S.S. Hospital México Servicio de Cardiología</institution>
<addr-line>San José </addr-line>
<country>Costa Rica</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<month>01</month>
<year>2004</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<year>2004</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>6</volume>
<fpage>13</fpage>
<lpage>16</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S1409-41422004000100003&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S1409-41422004000100003&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S1409-41422004000100003&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Introducción: Habitualmente el gradiente intraventricular en pacientes con miocardiopatía hipertrófica se estima en condiciones de reposo. En este estudio se evaluó el comportamiento de este gradiente durante ejercicio físico. Secundariamente se observó la respuesta de la presión arterial y la tolerancia al ejercicio. Material y Métodos: Se eligieron pacientes con diagnóstico ecocardiográfico de miocardiopatía hipertrófica en quienes no se encontró gradiente intraventricular significativo (25 mmHg) en reposo. A todos se les practicó una prueba máxima de esfuerzo programado (protocolo de Bruce). En el post-esfuerzo inmediato se volvió a estimar el gradiente intraventricular por ultrasonido doppler. Resultados: Se reclutaron 12 pacientes (6 hombres) con edad promedio de 45.4 años (31-60) todos sin gradiente intraventricular significativo en reposo (promedio 7 mmHg) y presión arterial basal promedio 117.91/72.5 mmHg. El tiempo promedio de ejercicio en el grupo fue 8.3 minutos, el gradiente intraventricular promedio al máximo esfuerzo fue 14.41 mmHg y la presión arterial promedio al esfuerzo máximo fue 140.91/76.66 mmHg. Tres pacientes presentaron falta de incremento normal de la presión arterial con ejercicio. Conclusión: En los pacientes con miocardiopatía hipertrófica sin gradiente intraventricular significativo estimado en reposo, no se observó mayor incremento de éste con ejercicio, sin embargo, algunos de ellos presentaron falta de incremento sistólico normal de la presión arterial lo que los incluyó en el grupo de alto riesgo. En general, la tolerancia al ejercicio fué baja.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>Introduction: The intraventricular gradient in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, is usually assessed under resting conditions. In the present study we evaluated it during exercise, blood pressure response and functional capacity in this population. Materials and methods: Patients were eligible if they had an echocardiographic diagnosis of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy and no significant intraventricular gradient (25 mmHg). Every patient underwent a maximal physical stress test (Bruce protocol). The intraventricular gradient was again measured in the immediate post-exercise period using Doppler ultrasound. Results: We studied 12 patients (6 male and 6 females) with a mean age of 45.4 (31-60) all of them with no significant intraventricular gradient (mean 7 mmHg) and mean rest blood pressure 117 .91/72.5 mmHg. Their mean time of exercise was 8.3 minutes, their mean intraventricular gradient at maximal exercise was 14.41 mmHg and their mean maximal exercise blood pressure was 140.91/76.66 mmHg. Three patients had not a normal rise in blood pressure with exercise. Conclusion: Patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy and a non significant intraventricular gradient under resting conditions, did not show a significant increase of this, with exercise. However, some patients did not show an elevation of their normal systolic blood pressure which makes them part of a high risk population. In general, their functional capacity was low.</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>Gradiente intraventricular</kwd>
<kwd>ejercicio</kwd>
<kwd>miocardiopatía hipertrófica</kwd>
<kwd>Intraventricular gradient</kwd>
<kwd>exercise</kwd>
<kwd>hypertrophic cardiomyopathy</kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
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<front>
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<journal-id pub-id-type="pid">S1409-414220040001</journal-id>
<journal-title>Revista Costarricense de Cardiología</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title>Rev. costarric. cardiol</abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>1409-4142</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name>Asociación Costarricense de Cardiología</publisher-name>
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<article-id>S1409-41422004000100004</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es">Dolor torácico y cardiopatía en la edad pediátrica</article-title>
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<surname>Gutiérrez Alvarez</surname>
<given-names>Rafael</given-names>
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<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A02"/>
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<aff id="A01">
<institution>,CCSS Hospital Nacional de Niños Servicio de Cardiología</institution>
<addr-line>San José </addr-line>
<country>Costa Rica</country>
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<aff id="A02">
<institution>,CCSS Hospital Nacional de Niños Pediatría</institution>
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<month>01</month>
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<volume>6</volume>
<fpage>17</fpage>
<lpage>21</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S1409-41422004000100004&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S1409-41422004000100004&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S1409-41422004000100004&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Objetivos: Describir la población de pacientes referidos por dolor torácico. Identificar pacientes con patologías cardíacas como causa de dolor torácico. Describir los diferentes hallazgos según los métodos diagnósticos utilizados. Materiales y métodos: Se realizó un estudio prospectivo, descriptivo y analítico de 70 pacientes referidos por dolor torácico a la consulta de Cardiología del Hospital Nacional de Niños, con edades comprendidas entre los 3 y 13 años de edad durante un período de un año. A todos los pacientes se le realizó historia clínica, examen físico, radiografía de tórax, electrocardiograma y ecocardiograma. Además Holter y prueba de esfuerzo cuando había sospecha de arritmias o dolor al ejercicio. Resultados: Un total de 62 pacientes concluyeron el estudio, 34 fueron niños (54.8%), y 28 niñas (45.2%). La edad promedio fue de 8.5 años con una mediana de 9 años. La radiografía simple de tórax fue anormal en 21% de casos (6 bronconeumonías, 2 atrape aéreo, 2 abombamiento de la pulmonar, 1 hilios prominentes y en 2 cardiomegalia). El electrocadiograma fue normal en 97%. El ecocardiograma anormal en un 4 % (1 comunicación interauricular, 1 persistencia del conducto arterioso y displasia válvula pulmonar, 1 derrame pericárdico). Los estudios de Holter y Pruebas de esfuerzo fueron normales. Encontramos solo un 4,8% de los pacientes con cardiopatías. Conclusión: La consulta por dolor torácico en la edad pediátrica es frecuente. La historia clínica y el examen físico son determinantes en el diagnóstico y manejo de estos niños. El dolor torácico raramente se asocia a cardiopatías en la edad pediátrica y los pacientes con cardiopatías relacionadas al dolor presentaron signos clínicos anormales como bradicardia, frote pericárdico y soplo patológico.</p></abstract>
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<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S1409-41422004000100005&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S1409-41422004000100005&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S1409-41422004000100005&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Introducción: La determinación de la variabilidad espontánea del intervalo de ciclo de las taquicardias ventriculares es fundamental para interpretar los efectos de tratamientos y para programar dispositivos anti-taquicardia. Objetivo: Estudiar la variabilidad espontánea del intervalo de ciclo de las taquicardias ventriculares producidas por re-entrada. Métodos: Incluimos 22 pacientes (12 varones) de 52 + 18 años de edad, en quienes se indujeron 121 taquicardias ventriculares monomórficas sostenidas. Las taquicardias inducidas en un mismo paciente tenían la misma morfología y eran producidas por re-entrada. Resultados: En promedio, las taquicardias ventriculares tenían un intervalo de ciclo de 318 + 39 milisegundos (mseg). La desviación típica del promedio de los intervalos de ciclo de las taquicardias ventriculares de igual morfología inducidas en cada paciente (variación inter-taquicardia) fue 10,91 + 9,63 mseg. La diferencia promedio entre el R-R máximo y el R-R mínimo (variación inter-taquicardia) fue de 26,15 mseg. La variación intra-taquicardia (desviación típica de los 10 ciclos que fueron promediados) fue de 5,78 + 2,40 mseg (2,58 - 15,05). El sexo, la etiología y la edad no determinaron diferencias en la frecuencia cardíaca durante e la taquicardia. Conclusión: En este grupo de pacientes, las taquicardias ventriculares de re-entrada originadas en un mismo circuito y en un mismo paciente muestran poca variación del intervalo de ciclo. Esta estabilidad relativa debe tenerse presente al considerar efectos terapéuticos, programar dispositivos anti-taquicardia y estudiar los factores relacionados con la variabilidad misma.</p></abstract>
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<kwd-group>
<kwd>Taquicardia ventricular</kwd>
<kwd>Intervalo de ciclo</kwd>
<kwd>Variabilidad</kwd>
<kwd>Ventricular tachycardia</kwd>
<kwd>Cycle length</kwd>
<kwd>Variability</kwd>
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<front>
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<journal-title>Revista Costarricense de Cardiología</journal-title>
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<year>2004</year>
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<year>2004</year>
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<copyright-statement/>
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<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S1409-41422004000100008&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S1409-41422004000100008&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S1409-41422004000100008&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Introducción: El drenaje venoso pulmonar anómalo es una cardiopatía congénita en la que las venas pulmonares drenan en el atrio derecho o la circulación venosa sistémica. Puede tener anomalías cardíacas asociadas. El tratamiento quirúrgico varía de acuerdo a las características anatómicas de cada caso. El objetivo de nuestro trabajo es exponer una técnica quirúrgica innovadora que no requirió de circulación extracorpórea, ni arresto circulatorio, con excelentes resultados, en una paciente sin hipertensión pulmonar ni comunicación interauricular.</p></abstract>
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